2.  313: Edict of Milan by Constantine  Legalized Christianity  380—Theodosius I  Declared Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire  All other religions were outlawed

3.  Split of Empire:  West  Culture and language: Latin  Main city: Rome  East  Cultures: Greek, Syrian, and Coptic  Language: Greek  Main cities: Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem, and Constantinople

4.  Beginning of Christian societies  Shortening of catechumenate  Babies baptized  Churches replace Pagan temples  Veneration of martyrs, saints, and relics  Christianization of names/celebrations  Ex: Winter Solstice became Christmas  Bishop became leader in all aspects of life

5.  Arius (d. 336)— priest in Alexandria  4 key views:  Father alone is God.  Jesus was “made” and has a beginning.  Jesus is from nothing.  The Son makes the universe, but is not God.  Bishop Alexander of Alexandria (d. 339)—tells Arius he must repent.  Becomes an international dispute.

7.  Constantine (d. 338) advised to call a council.  Council of Nicaea (325) & new creed  Jesus is “true God from true God.”  Jesus is “begotten, not made.”  Jesus is from “the substance of the Father.”— homoousious (consubstantial)  Many anathemas against Arius and his beliefs.  Arius is exiled, and he disappears. But the real dispute lives on…

8.  Uncomfortable with the word homoousious.  340s-360s: Many new creeds and councils  Arians controlled much of the Roman Empire. In 358, there was even an Arian creed passed, which made it illegal to say homoousious.

10.  Athanasius of Alexandria (d. 373) —bishop and defender of Christ as God  Sent on 5 exiles!  Life of Antony.  Deification: Only God can make us God-like. Jesus makes us God-like, therefore Jesus is God.”  Eternal Generation—“Jesus is light from light.”

11.  Gregory of Nyssa (335-394)  Gregory of Nazianzus (d. 389)  Basil of Caesarea (330-379)

13.  The Council of Constantinople (381)  Formula: God is 3 persons in one essence. (3 hypostases in one ousia.)  Deification by the Holy Spirit.  Arguments against them

15.  Monk and later Bishop of Milan  Renowned preacher  Fights for Church independence  Excommunicated Emperor Theodosius  Fights Arianism and other heresies

18.  Bishop, monk, teacher, & theologian  Late conversion in life.  He went to hear a speech…the opponent was St. Ambrose.  Scenes in the Garden (386) when he hears a child’s voice say, “Take and read.”

19.  Fought numerous heretics: Manicheans, Donatists, Pelagians, & Arians  Defends Christianity against the barbarians in The City of God  Autobiography of his life and conversion: Confessions  Wrote a set of monastic rules

20.  His ideas became the basis of Christianity.  One, Holy, catholic  Sacraments: Power of Christ  Man and woman are equal  Grace: As a gift from God  Original Sin

21.  Alexandrian view:  “Perfect divinity of Christ”  Jesus has no human mind  The concern  Problems with this view

22.  Antiochene View:  “Perfect humanity of Christ”  Biblical basis proves Jesus is fully human  View: Jesus was man fully possessed by God from birth.  Slogan: “Two natures in one person.”  Problems with this view

23.  Antiochene View:  John Chrysostom (d. 407)

24.  Antiochene View:  John Chrysostom (d. 407)  Preacher & monk  “Golden mouthed”  Named Patriarch of Constantinople  Wrote On the Priesthood

25.  St. Cyril of Alexandria (412-444)  Christ is a hypostatic union; He is one hypostasis.  Council of Ephesus (431)

27.  Council of Chalcedon (451)  Pope Leo I (Papacy: 440-461) a.k.a. Leo the Great  Tome finds the answer.  Fully human AND fully divine  Finally Leo’s Tome is approved along with the definition of the Council of Chalcedon.  “2 natures…in 1 person”  “…one substance” ( hypostasis )  Mary as Theotokos and respect for the unity of Christ  Homoousious with the Father

29.  Scholar, historian, & monk  Translated the Bible into Latin Vulgate (397)  Vulgate became the “official” Bible for the Catholic Church at the Council of Trent (1545-1563)