1. GENDER ISSUES ACADEMIC YEAR 2014-15 Maria A. Confalonieri Lecture 8 Gender and the Welfare State The Continental and South European Models

2. Continental Model Conservative of gender differences (Ostner). Reforms: new social risks and continental w.s.

3. Germany-Pre WW2 Policy legacy – Early policies of protection for working mothers  maternity leave introduced in 1878 and since 1883 compensation at 50% of wage. Family members social entitlements (healthcare etc.) based on the breadwinner’s entitlements as a worker Preferences of conservative and socialist party for the breadwinner model.

4. After WW2 Federal Germany –continuity German welfare conservative of class and gender differences. Generous monetary benefits for families based on the working father’s employment status. Few childcare facilities-short school hours Expansion of female participation to the workforce  part time Long leaves for mothers Democratic Republic of Germany  socialist model based on 2 adult workers’ Extensive state provided childcare. Germany’s re-unification in 1990 brings together two different models

5. Germany -policy change 2000s -> debate on demography European pressure Agenda 2010-Vorteil Familie (SPD-Green coalition 1998- 2005) Childcare services : target 30% 0-3 by 2010 New income-related child allowance to combat children poverty Grand Coalition : SPD-CDU 2005-2009 Work-life balance policy – Sharing of parental responsibilities Parental leave (available for for both parents ) since 2006 compensated with 67% of salary for 12 months (14 if shared).

6. Germany –since 2009 Centre right coalition (CDU-CSU-FPO) More traditonal policies -Emphasis on family responsibiity. Investment in childacare services continued Some reduction in parental leave coverage reduced at 65%.

7. The Netherlands From a male bread-winner to a 1 ½ breadwinner model Part-time for women since mid-Eighties. Part-time plus since 2007 Role of social partnership A new idea  2 for 3/4

8. France:policy legacy Debate on birth rate (already after 1870) Late industrialization (industry needs women workers) Etatism républicain  role of the State in education – 1900 1 out of 4 children 3-6 in écoles maternelles; from early XX development of public crèches Maternity leave (1908 Loi Engerand) Family allowances (1923; loi Landry 1932) Redistribution to family with children : end 1940s childallowance amounto to 4% of GNP and income 4- children families doubled beacuse of ch.allowances

9. France postwar Support to families with more than 2 ch persists+ financial support to low income families (complement de familles 1978, Allocation pour jeunes enfants 1985). PAJE 2004 -  cash for care or payment of childcare

10. France childcare High coverage High differentiation and flexibility : crèches but also authorized baby sitters 2006 –CESU Chèques employ service universelles- vouchers for buying care services whose quality is assured and monitored (from various providers)

11. Southern European Welfare states Familistic  a minimum of de-familization of care A male breadwinner model “stretched towards a family-kinship “ model.: Family (extended, multi- generational ) provides care through the un-paid work of women (mothers, grannies) Origins :Catholicism, rural family, authoritarian regimes An “archaic” model, hardly capable of coping with the uncovered risks in weak and unbalanced welfare systems.Resilient Since 1980s  Market provided care: migrant women (irregular)

12. Spain XIX Century  Civil code- minority of women II Republic (1931-36) –Radical secularization. Civil and political equality between men and women, divorce Since 1931 maternity leave (limited coverage, not in agriculture) Authoritarian regime (Francoism)-Clerical backlash :restroring the traditional family model ; women need the authorization of the husband to work.Modest policies for supporting birthrates Modest family benefits for the male-breadwinner (cargo familiar) with extended family obligations

13. Spain –after democratic transition Low women’s participation to labor market,slowly growing since 1980s Priority to issues of secularization  divorce, abortion.

14. SPAIN 1990s  Eu pressure Centre-Right governments  deregulation flexibility and non-standard work: growth in womens' employment : 57% in 2007. But low quality of work : women over represented in low paid and in temporary jobs Parental leave but unpaid Low means-tested family benefits Limited availability of childcare for 0-3

15. Centre-Left (2004-11)  Stronger initiative in combating gender violence (law 1/2004) allow same sex marriage (law 13/2005) and gender equality in decison making (40% in decison making bodies). Coomprehensive law on equality (Equality law 2007) Investments in Care services - Introduction of 3 weeks paid paternity leave(extension to 4 weeks by 2011 was postponed by the Centre-Right government in 2011) Dependency Law 2006 – care for elderly and disabled – Traditional family's role is not substituted but family receive more support

16. Impact of austerity policies in Spain 2011 - Postponement of equality measures introduced by PSOE government--> extension of paternity leave; cut of financial support for people caring for a dependent relative; cuts in funding for equality bodies. Reform of employment laws increases flexibility for the employers, making easier to fire emloyees Impact of the crisis --< fist on men's jobs (housing bubble) but then also on women's employment due to job cuts in the public sector and non-renewal of temporary contracts

17. Greece Low employment rate Fragmented family benefits Low provision of childcare (firms with over 300 should provide a crèche, but they are few) Centrality of the family to provide care and financial support for its members. Labor market : growing flexibility Market provided care-->immigrant women

18. GREECE Family less capable of providing for its member. Job losses for men but also women in the public sector Indebteness of private households

19. Portugal Exception -  high labour market women’s participation rate, including mothers, full- time Backward economic structure and diffuse poverty of families Low family benefits and ill-compensated maternity and parental leaves Effort to increase childcare, especially non-profit