1. How does government secure natural rights?
Lesson 2
We the People

2. Objectives Identify the concepts of constitutional government.
Explain the essential characteristics of constitutional government and how it differs from other forms of government.
Describe how the Founding Fathers fear over the abuse of power led them to establish a constitutional government.

3. Terms to Know Using pages 7-12 of the textbook,
define the following terms (best grade of C):
Use the word or concept in a complete sentence (best grade of B or better):
Checks and balances
Common good
Constitution
Constitutional government
Explicit consent
Democracy
Equal protections
Higher law
Limited government
Republic
Separation of powers
ESL students define only the terms in RED

4. Critical Thinking
We are all dissatisfied with living in an unsafe state of nature where others can take advantage of us.
So we agree to create a social contract and form a government that will protect our natural rights.
What kind of government will we create?

5. Critical Thinking
What authority, or powers, might we permit our government to have so that the rights of everyone are protected?
How will the people we select to run our government know how to do so?
How might we protect ourselves from this government if they violate our rights?

6. Critical Thinking In a small group, answer the following:
What is the main purpose of government?
How should government receive the authority or right to make laws telling people what they can and cannot do?
What should the people have the right to do if their government does not serve the purposes for which it was created? Why should they have this right?

7. What Locke would say:
The main purpose of government is to protect natural rights.
Government gets the right to govern through the consent of the people.
If a government fails to protect the rights of its people, the people have the right of revolution. Are there easier alternatives…?

8. We express our consent everyday
1787 we ratified the Constitution
Immigrants move here for a better life and become Naturalized citizens
We choose to live here after birth and obey its laws
We pledge the flag
Vote in elections
Serve in the military and/or perform community service

9. Constitutional government
Limited governments have established and respected restraints on their powers.
For example, laws and free and frequent elections
Unlimited government is the opposite where those who govern are free to use their power anyway they see fit. There are NO laws or elections for those that govern.
For example, tyrants, dictators, and totalitarian rulers

10. Constitutional government
In a constitutional government, the powers of the person or group controlling the government are limited by a set of laws and customs called a constitution.
Having a constitution that does not limit political power is not a constitutional government .
A constitutional government must be obeyed by everyone, including those in power.

11. A constitution = higher law
List the characteristics of a constitution:
Names basic rights (life, liberty & property)
Declares that government must protect these rights
Limits the power of the government over its citizens
These laws can only be changed by the widespread consent of its people

12. Structure of the US Constitution
Simple and brief
7,000 words
Divided into three parts:
Preamble (introduction)
The Articles (provides the structure & rules)
The Amendments (protect our natural rights and reflect our changing world)
Amendments 1-10 are called the Bill of Rights which limit the power of the government

13. The Preamble Answers why the constitution was written.
Identified six goals.
To form a perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty.
Wanted a government that provides stability and order, protects citizens’ liberties, and serves the people.

14. Seven Articles
Articles I, II, and III create the three branches of government
Article IV explains the relationship of the states to one another and to the national government
Article V describes how to amend the Constitution
Article VI contains the supremacy clause which makes the Constitution and laws passed by Congress as the “supreme law of the land”
Article VII simply states that the Constitution will take effect after 9 of the 13 states ratify it.

15. The Amendments Amendments are changes There are 27 currently
The Bill of Rights limit the power of the government
This process allows the government to respond to the changing needs of the nation

16. Major Principles of the Constitution
The US is both a republic and a democracy
Republic: a government in which supreme power rests with the people and is exercised by elected officers and representatives responsible for upholding the common good of society.
Democracy: government by the people; especially : rule of the majority

17. Major Principles of the Constitution
Federalism (Federal System) divides power between the state governments and the national government.
State Government
The General Assembly (legislative)
TThe Pennsylvania House of Representatives
The Pennsylvania Senate
The Governor (executive)
The Pennsylvania Court System (judicial)
Federal (national) Government
Congress (legislative)
The U.S. House of Representatives
The U.S. Senate
The President (executive)
The Federal Court System (judicial)

18. Major Principles of the Constitution
Separation of Powers
To prevent our government from abusing its power, the Founders created a system of distributed and shared powers between our three branches of national government.
Executive, legislative, and judicial
Each branch has primary responsibility for certain functions, but also shares these functions and powers with other branches.

19. Major Principles of the Constitution
Checks & Balances System
This long, slow process to get things done often appears inefficient; however, the Framers planned this to be an advantage.
This system prevents one branch from abusing another and when a decision is made, it is often the best one for the country.

20. Major Principles of the Constitution
Judicial review
Federal courts have the power to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments invalid if they violate the Constitution.
The Supreme Court is the final authority.

21. Major Principles of the Constitution
Limited government: NO one is above the LAW!

22. The Constitution spells out four paths for an amendment:
Proposal by convention of states, ratification by state conventions (never used)
Proposal by convention of states, ratification by state legislatures (never used)
Proposal by Congress, ratification by state conventions (used once)
Proposal by Congress, ratification by state legislatures (used all other times)