1. SECTION 2 THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN EUROPE
CHAPTER 22
SECTION 2 THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN EUROPE

2. TWO VIEWS OF GOVERNMENT
ENLIGHTENMENT- KNOWN AS THE AGE OF REASON
REASON: the power of the mind to think, understand, and form judgments by a process of logic.
BROUGHT FORTH IDEA IN ENGLAND DURING 1600’S AFTER POLITICAL TURMOIL

3. THOMAS HOBBES WROTE LEVIATHAN (SEA MONSTER).
BELIEVED ALL HUMANS AS SELFISH & WICKED.
ARGUED PEOPLE GAVE UP THEIR RIGHTS FOR A STRONG RULER FOR GAINING LAW AND ORDER & SELF INTEREST, THIS IS KNOWN AS A SOCIAL CONTRACT.
BEST GOVERNMENT WAS ONE THAT HADAN ABSOLUTE MONARCHY IN WHICH THEY COULD IMPOSE ORDER AND DEMAND OBEDIENCE.

4. JOHN LOCKE
BELIEVED PEOPLE COULD LEARN FROM EXPERIENCE AND HAD NATURAL ABILITY TO GOVERN THEIR OWN AFFAIRS AND TO LOOK AFTER THE WELFARE OF SOCIETY, FAVORING A SELF-GOVERNMENT.
BELIEVED ALL PEOPLE WERE BORN FREE AND EQUAL WITH 3 NATURAL RIGHTS
LIFE
LIBERTY
PROPERTY

5. JOHN LOCKE
PURPOSE OF GOVERNMENT WAS TO PROTECT RIGHTS OF THE PEOPLE. IF GOVERNMENT FAILS CITIZENS HAVE RIGHT TO OVER THROW IT.
GOVERNMENTS POWER COMES FROM CONSENT FROM THE PEOPLE. THEORY BECOMES FOUNDATION OF MODERN DEMOCRACY

6. U.S DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”

7. THE PHILOSOPHES ADVOCATE REASON
PHILOSOPHES- CRITICS IN FRANCE DURING MID 1700S BELIEVED THAT PEOPLE COULD APPLY REASON TO ALL ASPECTS OF LIFE
REASON
NATURE
HAPPINESS
PROGRESS
LIBERTY

8. Beliefs of the Philosophes
REASON- TRUTH COULD BE DISCOVERED THROUGH LOGICAL THINKING
NATURE- BELIEVED MANY THINGS WERE NATURAL. LAWS OF ECONOMIC & POLITCS JUST AS LAWS OF MOTION
HAPPINESS- LIVING BY NATURES LAW COULD FIND HAPPINESS. ACCEPT MISERY TO FIND JOY IN THE HEREAFTER
PROGRESS- PROGRESS IN SOCIETY.
LIBERTY- SOCIETY COULD BE SET FREE.

9. VOLTAIRE
MOST BRILLIANT AND INFLUENTIAL PHILOSOPHER (FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET).
USED SATIRE AGAINST HIS OPPENENTS. OFTEN TARGETED CLERGY, ARISTOCRACY, AND THE GOVERNMENT.
FOUGHT FOR TOLERANCE, REASON, FREEDOM OF RELIGIOUS BELIEF, AND FREEDOM OF SPEECH.

10. MONTESQUIEU
FRENCH WRITER, STUDIED ANCIENT ROME AND CONCLUDED THEIR COLLAPSE WAS DIRECTLY RELATED TO ITS LOSS OF POLITICAL LIBERTIES.
SEPARATION OF POWERS- DIVISION OF POWER AMONG DIFFERENT BRANCHES
CHECKS & BALANCES- EACH BRANCH OF GOVERNMENT IS EQUAL AND WOULD ELIMINATE EITHER BRANCH FROM GAINING MORE POWER THAN THE OTHER. HIS IDEAS BECAME BASIS FOR U.S. CONSTITUTION

11. JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU PHILOSOPHER, COMMITTED TO INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM
“MAN IS BORN FREE AND EVERYWHERE HE IS IN CHAINS”
DIRECT DEMOCRACY
ALL PEOPLE WERE EQUAL AND THAT TITLES OF NOBILITY SHOULD BE ABOLISHED

12. Bonesana Beccaria ITALIAN PHILOSOPHER
CRITICIZED COMMON ABUSES OF JUSTICE; TORTURING WITNESSES & SUSPECT, IRREGULAR PROCEEDINGS IN TRIALS, CRUEL & UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT
RECEIVE A SPEEDY TRIAL & TORTURE NEVER USED
DEGREE OF PUNISHMENT SHOULD BE BASED ON CRIME
NO CAPITAL PUNISHMENT

13. WOMEN & THE ENLIGHTENMENT
MARY ASTELL- LACK OF EDUCATION FOR WOMEN; UNEQUAL RELATIONSHIP FOR MEN AND WOMEN
MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT- WOMEN’S EDUCATION AS IMPORTANT TO MEN. ENTER FIELDS OF MEDICINE & POLITICS (DOMINATED BY MEN)

14. LEGACY OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
CHALLENGED
PRINCIPLES AS THE DIVINE RIGHT OF MONARCHS
UNION OF CHURCH & STATE
EXISTENCE OF UNEQUAL SOCIAL CLASSES

15. THREE LONG TERM EFFECTS
BELIEF IN PROGRESS- HUMAN REASON COULD SOLVE SOCIAL PROBLEMS, GREATER SOCIAL EQUALITY, MORE DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
MORE SECULAR OUTLOOK- BEGAN QUESTIONING THE SUPERSTITION & FEAR OF RELIGION AND PROMOTE TOLERANCE OF ALL RELIGIONS

16. THREE LONG TERM EFFECTS
IMPORTANCE OF THE INDIVIDUAL- OWN ABILITITY TO REASON AND JUDGE WHAT IS RIGHT OR WRONG.