1. Parts of Speech

2. NOUN Person, place, thing, idea
Common (n): names a general noun; begins with a lower case letter (i.e. city)
Proper noun (N): names a specific noun; begins with a capital letter (i.e. Alabaster)
Possessive (pos. n., pos. N): shows ownership (i.e. girl’s, Luci’s)

3. Types of Nouns
Collective Nouns(col n, col N): a noun that names a group of individual people or things
EX: class, flock, team, crew
Compound Nouns (com n, com N): a noun made up of two or more words
EX: workshop, doghouse, mother-in-law, Ice Age

4. Pronoun (pro) Used in place of one or more nouns or pronouns
The word the pronoun stands for is called its ANTECEDENT
Mrs. Flowers opened the book and began reading it.

5. Personal pronouns
Refers to the one speaking (first person), the one spoken to (second person) or the one spoken about (third person)
SINGULAR
PLURAL
First person
I, me, my, mine
We, us, our, ours
Second person
You, your, yours
Third person
He, him, his,
She, her, hers
It, its
They, them, their, theirs

6. PRONOUNS (pro)-reflexive (ref)
Reflects back to “self”
Singular
Plural
1st person
myself
ourselves
2nd person
yourself
yourselves
3rd person
himself
herself
itself
themselves

7. Demonstrative pronoun (dem)
THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE
Points out a person, a place, a thing, or an idea
Ex: This is Ernie’s bike.

8. Interrogative pronoun (int)
WHAT, WHICH, WHO, WHOM, WHOSE
Introduces a question
Ex: Who is the author of “Flowers for Algernon”?

9. Relative pronoun (rp) THAT , WHAT, WHICH, WHO, WHOM, WHOSE
Introduces a subordinate (dependent) clause
Ex: Mr. White received the two hundred pounds that he had wished for.

10. Indefinite pronouns (ind)
Refer to a person, a place, or a thing that is not specifically named
Ex: All of them wanted to hear the story of Urashma Taro.
Ex: The travelers saw someone.
Most common indefinite pronouns: all, any, anyone, both, each, either, everybody, few, many, none, no one, one, several, some, something

11. ADJECTIVE (adj)
Modifies nouns and pronouns (i.e. I have a green pen. They are happy.)
Answers the questions “Which one?” “How many?” or “What kind?”
ARTICLES (art): a, an, the
PROPER ADJECTIVE (Adj): proper noun used as an adjective (American flag)

12. VERB Shows action or helps to make a statement ACTION VERB (av):
LINKING VERB (lv):
HELPING VERB (hv):

13. ACTION VERB (av) Shows action (visible or mental) Examples:
Visible: jump, grow, deliver
Mental: believe, know, think
Examples:
She wrote a note.
The dog smells the flower.

14. LINKING VERB (lv) Am Was Be Are Were Being Is Been
Links two words together
The most common linking verb is “to be”
“sense” verbs are also often linking verbs, such as appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, etc.
Ex: The flower smells pretty. (flower=pretty) Am
Was Be
Are
Were
Being Is
Been

15. HELPING VERB (hv) “helps” an action verb or linking verb
If a verb phrase has four verbs, the first three are helping. If it has three verbs, the first two are helping, etc.
Ex: We have been taking notes all day. (Taking is an action verb.)
Ex: She will be cold without a jacket. (Be is a linking verb.) BE
WILL
CAN
SHALL
MAY
HAVE DO
am, are, is, was, were, be, being, been
will, would
can, could
shall, should
may, might, must
have, has, had
do, does, did

16. ADVERB (adv)
Modifies adjectives (i.e. really cute), verbs (extremely fast), and other adverbs (very easily)
Answers the question “How?”, “When?”, “Where?”, or “To what extent?”
NOT, NEVER, OFTEN, and ALWAYS are always adverbs

17. PREPOSITION (prep)
Shows relationship between a noun or pronoun and some other word in the sentence
i.e. We went to school. We went up the stairs.
Common prepositions include: across, after, against, around, at, before, below, between, by, during, except, for, from, in, of, off, on, over, since, through, to, under, until, with, according to, because of, instead of, etc.

18. Joins words, phrases, and clauses
CONJUNCTION
Joins words, phrases, and clauses
COORDINATING CONJUNCTION (cc):
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION (cor conj):
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION (sc):

19. COORDINATING CONJUNCTION (cc)
acronym FANBOYS
(For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So)
Ex: I ran AND jumped.

20. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION (cor conj)
not only/but also
neither/nor
either/or
both/and
Ex: Both Emily and Hannah have pencils.

21. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION (sc)
Starts adverb (adv) dependent clauses (and therefore must be followed by subject and verb)
Most common are: after, since, before, while, because, although, so that, if, when, whenever, as, even though, until, unless, as if, etc.
Ex: I have known Susan since I was 11.

22. INTERJECTION (int)
Expresses emotion but has no real connection with the rest of the sentence
Set apart from the sentence by a comma or an exclamation point
i.e. No, I’m not finished with my homework. Wow! What a great new car!

23. VERBAL
A word formed from a verb but acting as a noun, adjective, or adverb
PARTICIPLE (part)
GERUND (ger)
INFINITIVE (inf)

24. PARTICIPLE (part)
Verb acting like an adjective; ends in ING, ED, or other past tense endings
i.e. I have running shoes. Frightened, I ran down the street. It’s an unspoken rule.

25. GERUND (ger)
Verb acting like a noun; ends in ING
i.e. Reading is fun.

26. INFINITIVE (inf) To + verb
Can act like a noun (I like to eat), adjective (It’s the best place to eat), or adverb (I need a pen to write a letter)