1. Chapter 13(B): The Civil Rights Years

2. The End of the Civil War
Lincoln’s second inaugural address was a plea for reconciliation
In April 1865 Gen. Lee surrendered to Gen. Grant at Appomattox Court House
The Death toll of the Civil War was 630,000

3. New Amendments 13th Amendment – an end to slavery (1865)
14th Amendment – protect the legal rights of all citizens, due process of law, & citizenship for freedmen (1868)
15th Amendment – A/A men could vote (1870)

4. Legally Free, Socially Bound
After the war, rumors swept the South that ex-slaves would receive 40 acres and a mule
According to a Confederate general, recently freed blacks had "nothing but freedom"

5. The Radical Republicans
These Republicans understood that essential to maintaining Republican control of the federal government was the right of ex-slaves to vote
14th Amendment guaranteed equal legal protection to all citizens
The Civil Rights Act of 1866 was passed over Johnson’s veto

6. Hiram Rhodes Revels
He was elected as the first African American to serve in the United States Senate, and was the first African American to serve in the U.S. Congress. He represented Mississippi in the Senate in 1870 and 1871 during the Reconstruction era.
During the American Civil War, Revels had helped organize two regiments of the United States Colored Troops and served as a chaplain. After serving in the Senate, Revels was appointed as the first president of Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College (now Alcorn State University), and 1876 to Later he served again as a minister.

7. White Terror
The primary objective of the KKK was oppressing blacks & white Republicans
In response to the Klan, Grant tried to protect black rights
White supremacist violence, electoral fraud, the panic of 1873, & the growing weakness of Grant’s administration, all contributed to the weakening of Republican control in the South.
Cartoon chiding the Ku Klux Klan and the
White League for promoting conditions
"worse than slavery"

8. The Election of 1876
Grant didn’t seek a 3rd term b/c by 1875, he knew there was growing opposition to his re-nomination
The Electoral Commission, set up by congress in Jan consisted of 15 members, 5 from the House, Senate, & Supreme Court
The Compromise of 1877 ended Radical Reconstruction
Tilden
Hayes

10. Booker T. Washington
The Atlanta compromise was an agreement struck in 1895 between Booker T. Washington, president of the Tuskegee Institute, and other African-American leaders, and Southern white leaders. It was opposed by W. E. B. Du Bois and other African-American leaders.

11. W.E.B. Du Bois
Du Bois was very much against the Atlanta Compromise. He wanted full civil rights immediately.
He went on to co-found the NAACP in 1909

12. Plessy v. Ferguson
In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) the Supreme Court ruled segregation was legal if there was equality, however there was rarely ever equality.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954) started to change Plessy.

13. Civil Rights During the 1940s
One reason that WWII inspired postwar changes in race relations was the racist nature of the enemies of the U.S. during the War
In 1948, Truman banned racial discrimination in hiring of federal employers, & desegregated the military
In 1947, baseball was integrated when Jackie Robinson played for the Brooklyn Dodgers

14. The Warren Court
Ike later say it was one of he biggest mistakes
This court became an important force of social and political change
In 1957 the court ruled that the Smith Act protected free political expression
One could only get in trouble for advocating revolution

15. The Early Years of the Civil Rights Movement
Ike believed that state of local action should change racial attitudes
This left it up to the courts to take action
In 1954, the Warren Court & the Brown Decision over turned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
“separate but equal” was no longer legal in education
Justice Thurgood Marshall

16. The Montgomery Bus Boycott
The arrest of Rosa Parks in Montgomery, in 1955 inspired a massive bus boycott
This showed African Americans and the Civil Rights movement the power of nonviolent protest
“We Shall Overcome” became the civil rights anthem & showed the power of black evangelical churches
Rosa Parks

17. Problems at Little Rock High
Gov. Orval Faubus would not let 9 black students into the high school
Eisenhower had to send 1,000 federal troops to protect the black students
This shows that by the end of Ike’s term in office integration was still massively opposed in the deep South

18. Expansion of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s
Militant Nonviolence
Sit-in Movement started in Greensboro, N. C.
In 1960 student activists formed the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) which worked with King’s (SCLC)
Kneel-ins at churches
Wade-ins at public pools

19. “Freedom Riders”
In May of 1961, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) sent a group of black and white “freedom riders” on buses to test a federal ruling that had banned segregation on buses & trains & terminals…

20. Birmingham, Alabama
MLK launched a series of demonstrations in Birmingham
Americans got to see on TV the use of dogs, tear gas, electric prods, & fire hoses on nonviolent protesters
MLK was jailed and wrote his now famous letter and declared his willingness to break unjust laws

21. LBJ & The Great Society
LBJ’s first priority on the domestic front was to get JFK’s legislative program through Congress
The Revenue Act of 1964 passed and provided the needed boost to the economy
JFK’s Civil Rights Act also passed in 1964 and outlawed segregation in public facilities
Passage of the Civil Rights Act

22. Passage of the Voting Rights Act
More Legislation
Changes in immigration law in 1965 removed quotas based upon national origin
Therefore, during the 1960s, Asians & Latin Americans became the largest groups of new Americans
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 dramatically expanded black votes in the South
Passage of the Voting Rights Act

23. Civil Rights to Black Power
By 1966, the term “Black Power” had become a rallying cry for no more than 15 %
Beginning w/ Watts, the major race riots of 1965 & 1966 occurred largely outside the South
Malcolm X told blacks they should be proud of their race and started the term African American
Malcolm X

24. Martin Luther King Jr.
This lead MLK to decide to emphasize the need for economic uplift for the black urban poor.
This is what MLK was working on when he was assassinated in 1968