1. Chapter 13 Chief Executives andBureaucracies

2.  Formal Qualifications: Age, Citizenship, and Presidents  Native-born citizen, at least 35 years old, must have lived in country for at least 14 years, can only serve for 2 terms  Informal qualifications: experience, education, and other factors  Backgrounds in law, business or public service, college educated, traditionally white, male, middle or upper class, religious affiliation  Exceptions and changes over time: Abraham Lincoln, women, African Americans, Latinos

3.  Chief executive: acts like the head of a large corporation, presides over federal bureaucracy, power to issue executive orders  Chief of state: ceremonial leader of government, represents the United States at various events  Commander in chief: head of the armed forces, overall security of the U.S., Congress checks this role  Chief diplomat: oversees U.S. foreign policy, talks with foreign leaders, negotiates treaties, Senate checks all treaties  Chief policy maker: significant influence over the legislative process, may propose or pressure congress members to pass legislation, veto power  Chief manager of the economy: helps to write federal budget and set tax policy, appoints of the Federal Reserve Board  Chief of party: leader of his/her political party, deep loyalty and exerts great influence over members of the party  Chief citizen: embodies American ideals and to serve the nation by acting in its best interest

4. The White House Staff Speechwriters Administrative Assistants Press Secretary

5.  Independent Agencies  Help implement federal policy  Do not fall within executive departments  Examples: NASA, CIA, FCC and the Peace Corps  Rely on tax dollars with a few exceptions:  U.S. Postal Service