1. Literature Review Basics Jessica Barron Writing Tutor Writing Center Walden University

2. Literature Reviews The purpose of a literature review is To provide researchers with an overview on a topic or field To allow a writer to demonstrate his/her knowledge on the current state of a topic To support a writer’s future research

3. Literature Reviews What is not a literature review? A collection of source summaries or abstracts A copy/paste of annotations A discussion of your opinions on a topic Instead, your job as the writer is to synthesize the literature to create that foundation for your research or argument.

4. Literature Reviews What is synthesis? Identifying patterns among the sources Critically discussing strengths/weaknesses of the sources or in the field Comparing and contrasting the authors’ findings Interpreting what is known in your field and what is missing

5. Literature Reviews Unlike an annotated bibliography, there is no required format for a literature review. Common requirements: An introduction and conclusion paragraph –Helps transition the reader into the topic Organization by theme rather than author

6. Literature Reviews By author: Limits a paragraph to one source Does not allow for direct comparison Tends to come across as a series of “book reports” By theme: Allows for a unique organization Can have the authors “talk to each other” Demonstrates the writer’s analysis of the literature Organization

7. Literature Reviews When organized by theme, writers can also use headings and comparative terms within the text. Headings –Cue your reader to organization and changing topics –Note subtopics of themes Comparative terms –Demonstrate where authors agree or disagree –Highlight your interpretation of the authors’ findings

8. Literature Reviews Example Synthesis (APA) As Stragalas (2010) argued, sharing specific details about the change will help to eliminate any difficulties. Steele-Johnson et al. (2010) echoed these sentiments when they reported that revealing all of the details about a change process can help those involved better understand and support the change. Steele-Johnson et al. also asserted that a high level of transparency during the change can help those involved prepare for and welcome the change. Similarly, Nahata et al. (2010) showed that transparency through excessive communication can allow for a wider range of acceptance of the change.

9. Literature Reviews Tools Literature reviews require a lot of research and note taking. Thankfully, there are some tools to help you keep track of your material: Literature review matrices Zotero

10. Literature Reviews Tools Literature Review Matrices Matrices are documents that allow you to compile details about your sources and begin to note similarities among the authors. Example comparisons: Theoretical framework Methodology Conclusions Implications or need for future research

11. Literature Reviews Tools Example Matrix Example matrices on Writing Center website: http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/50.htm http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/50.htm

12. Requirements Choose 7-12 solid sources that reflect the bulk of your research. –These should be the sources you believe you will cite in your actual paper. Write a literature review for those sources. –Use your annotated bibliography as a reference. –It is okay to take entire sentences from your annotated bibliography, but remember you are presenting the basic arguments behind your topic in the literature review. Minimum length: 5 paragraphs