1. In your note book, draw a map from OHS to Kendall 10 Theater.
After your test,
In your note book,
draw a map
from OHS
to Kendall 10 Theater.
Read Sec. 3.1 pg. 44
Top 10 list
Compare their maps to the topo maps for a top 10 things a good map should have.

2. Unit 2 Chapter 3 Mapping the Earth

3. A Map is … A flat, 2-dimentional model of the Earth.
A way to show all or part of the round Earth.
a way to communicate information about the world.
made by cartographers and mathematicians.
Also called projections.

4. Maps can have true (accurate) ….
Directions
Distances
Areas / Size
Shapes
But a map cannot have ALL of the them correct at the same time!
Because Earth is round, there is always some DISTORTION on any flat map.
Some map projections are better at showing some features than others.

5. Historically maps were used for…
Land ownership,
political boundaries
Travel: the “age of explorations”
At least 100 different types
Maps are used for
Political
Travel
Commerce
Satellites

6. Sec. 3.1Types of Maps Essential Question: What are some different types of maps and how do they vary?
Mercator map Gnomonic map
Polyconic map Globe

7. Globe The perfect map? Strengths: Weaknesses: Shows true everything:
Direction, Distances,
Areas, Shape
- 3-D
Weaknesses:
Too big to fit into your pocket!
Too large scale to see any detail

8. Mercator: Developed in 1500’s, Mariners (sailors) needed to plot a straight line courses and needed know the correct shape of land masses

10. Mercator Strengths: True Directions
Latitude and longitude are straight, parallel lines
Nice, rectangular shaped map
Accurate near the equator
Weakness:
The polar regions grossly distorted
Greenland and Antarctica appear HUGE in size
(about 500% larger than actual size!)
Usually the poles are not even shown on a Mercator map.

11. The longitude lines (meridians) are curved toward the poles.
National Geographic Society replaced the Mercator projection with the Robinson map in 1988

12. Homolosine Projection (split open like an orange peel)

13. Gnomonic (Planer) Projection: Latitude lines are circles Longitude lines radiate from the center

14. Gnomonic (planer) Projection
Strengths:
Circular in shape
Shows the shortest distance between 2 points
Used for airplane routes
Good for mapping polar regions
Weakness:
Only accurate in the center
Distorts landmass shapes away from the center point of the circle.

15. Accurate in the center Distorted at the edges
A gnome at the north pole

16. Polyconic Projection Made by putting a cone around a section of the earth.

17. Polyconic (cone) Projection
Strengths:
Used in Atlas’
Shows large areas of land in the mid-latitudes.
Weaknesses:
Longitude and latitude lines curve and “fan out”
An odd-shaped map

18. Synopsis of Map Projections Quiz Time!
1. A country in the tropics should use a…
2. A country in the temperate zone (like U.S.A.) should use a…
3. A polar region should use a …
a. cylindrical (Mercator)
b. planer (gnomonic)
c. conical (polyconical)

19. Synopsis of Map Projections
1. Cylindrical maps such as Mercator are true at the equator and distortion increases toward the poles. tropics a.
2. Conics are true along some parallel somewhere between the equator and a pole and distortion increases away from this standard. U.S.A. c.
3. Gnomonic are true only at their center point, but generally distortion is worst at the edge of the map. polar b.

20. Where are these school children? What is this line on the ground??

21. The Prime Meridian
Located at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England
0 degrees longitude
Runs through countries such as … (this is where you look them up on the globe or map)

22. Mostly land
Mostly water
the Prime Meridian 0°

23. The Hemispheres
Mostly land
Mostly water
the equator 0°

24. What hemispheres do we live in?

25. In your note book, make a T-chart page 46
Latitude Longitude

26. Where is 0° latitude, 0° longitude???
What countries does the Prime Meridian go through?

28. International Date Line
An imaginary line along the 180° longitude meridian in the Pacific Ocean that represents a date (day) change.
180°

30. Latitude and Longitude
To find an exact place on a map or on Earth, you need crossing lines that create an intersection.
grid system
known as the latitude and longitude grid.

31. Latitude and Longitude
north, south, east, west,
Measured in degrees, minutes and seconds
360° ' " N W E S

32. Places can be exactly located using coordinates and plotting them on a “grid”.

33. Horizontal like rungs on a ladder
Long, tall vertical lines

34. Latitude Also called “parallels”
They are always equal distances apart.
1° degree of latitude = 69 miles or 111 km
Go from 0° to 90° north (North Pole)
0° to 90° south (South Pole)

35. They are not really lines at all, but horizontal “rings” that circle around the globe
90° N is not a parallel ring, but a point on the earth.

36. Longitude Also called meridians. Meridians meet at the poles.
They are measured from zero at the prime meridian.
Lines are measured going
east from 0° to 180°
west from 0° to 180°
Distances between longitude lines are NOT equal.
At equator one degree equals 111 km (69 miles)
At 45°, one degree equals 79 km ( 49 miles)
At the North pole, one degree equals __________ km!
ZERO

37. Meridians or longitude line meet at the poles, Distance between them vary with location.49 69

40. What are the latitude and longitude coordinates for B? and for D?

41. 69 miles or 111 km LATITUDE LONGITUDE Horizontal lines vertical lines
Also called “parallels” Also called “meridians”
Separates northern & southern hemispheres Separates east & west hemispheres
determine your location north/south determine your location east/west of the
of the Equator. Prime Meridian
Horizontal lines vertical lines
Equator is 0° Prime Meridian 0°
(Greenwich, England)
Numbered 0 to 90° N or S numbered 0 to 180° E or W
lines are equal distance apart lines vary in distance apart
(farther distance at equator)
69 miles or 111 km
Shape: concentric circles curved lines that meet at the poles

42. Bell-work
1. What is the farthest that you can be away from the equator? ________ degrees
2. What is the farthest that you can be away from the prime meridian?
_______ degrees
Crack the code

43. UTM: Universal Transverse Mercator
Another method of determining latitude and longitude is…
UTM: Universal Transverse Mercator
Developed by the military after WWII
Uses square grids
East-West units are the same as North-South units
Coordinates translate directly to distances on the ground.
Decimal-based system (no minutes or seconds)
Oswego is °N °W
“Crack the Code” Activity
“Crack the Code” Activity

44. Map Scale Maps are not drawn to the same scale as the world (duh)
There has to be an amount of reduction in size
Ratio of the distance between two points on the map compared to the actual ground distance
Map Scale = Map Distance
Earth Distance
map distance : ground distance

45. 3 types of map scales
(One centimeter on the map equals 1 kilometer on Earth)

47. U.S. topographic map scale
1 inch measured on the map = 24,000 inches on the ground!
24,000 inches = 2000 feet

48. Metric scale 1:100,000 scale 1 cm = 100,000 cm
Or 1centimeter measured on the map =
1 kilometer on the earth’s surface.

49. A map of the world has a scale of 1: 46,000,000 !!!!
(Which type of map is this??)

50. U.S.A. Map would have a scale of 1: 5,000,000

51. A map of Illinois
would have a scale of
1: 500,000

52. A map of Kendall County would have a scale of 1: 62,500

53. Oswego town map would have a scale of 1: 1000

54. Large –scale map Small-scale map Shows a small area with
a lot of detail.
Good for urban areas, towns, streets or hiking.
Example: 1:10,000
Large enough to see details
Small-scale map
Shows a LARGE area with
very little detail.
Good for world maps or large regions such as North America.
Example: 1:1,000,000
Too small to see details

55. Use a maps scale to measure distances.
What is the distance between the two airports?

56. 45° N
120° E