1. INST 240 Revolutions Lecture 8 Spacetime Diagrams

2. Cause and Effect How does relativity ensure that some events appear in the “correct” order, while for others it doesn’t matter? We’ll see later that these events are in different categories (space-like and time- like connected) It will be easy to figure out which is which with the help of a light-cone diagram

3. Spacetime &The Light Cone

5. 5 Position vs Time Graphs Position 1 ft 0 ft 2 ft 1 ns 0 ns 2 ns Time

6. 6 Spacetime graphs (Axes flipped) Space (Position) Time

7. 7 Spacetime graphs Space (Position) Time A and B have the same place, different times × A × B

8. 8 Spacetime graphs Space (Position) Time Everybody snap your fingers like this. × A × B

9. 9 Spacetime graphs Space (Position) Time × A × B Everybody snap your fingers like this

10. 10 Spacetime graphs Space Time You can use spacetime graphs to tell a simple story. B A Albert started at home at 8:00 AM (A). He immediately started walking east and reached the corner of his block (B).

11. 11 Spacetime graphs Space Time B C A a).. he stubbed his toe and limped the rest of the way. b)..he looked at his watch, realized he was late and sped up. c).. nothing happened. Eventually, he reached school at 9:00 AM (C).

12. Spacetime = Space plus Time In relativity space and time are not independent of each other (if one is measured differently by a second observer, so is the other) Makes sense to upgrade time to a direction (dimension) rather than viewing it as an (unchanging) parameter

13. 13 Worksheet Part 1 Make up stories using the space-time diagrams

14. 14 Moving right to B, then back to the same position as A at a later time Space Time B A C

15. 15 Two friends parting ways: one going to the right, the other left Space Time B A C

16. 16 Two friends starting out at different positions, moving at different velocities to meet at C, then changing velocities to move to D Space Time B A C D

17. What is ct? Skippyjon Jones The units for 'c' are meters/second. The units for 't' are seconds. When these two units are multiplied, we are simply left with meters. (m/s)(s)=m. 'ct' is used to represent distance in time. Somebody In this expression, 'ct' would be represented by meters in spacetime. This 'c' represents the cosmic speed, which can be considered the speed of light, and 't' is time. Therefore, 'ct' could be used to represent the distance in spacetime.

18. 18 What is this (ct) thing? ct means c times t t is in seconds ct is in meters So c is in meters/second If t = 1 second, (ct) = 3 x 10 8 m/s x 1 s = 3 x 10 8 m We can say “the time was 300 000 000 meters” instead of “the time was 1 second”

19. 19 Example In lab, we bounced a laser off a mirror 15 feet away. 10 ft20 ft30 ft 0 ft 10 ft 20 ft 30 ft

20. 20 Example In lab, we bounced a laser off a mirror 15 feet away. 0 ft 10ft 20 ft 30 ft 10 ft 20 ft 30 ft Light travels at exactly 45 degree lines.

21. 21 Light Cone Light travels at exactly 45 degree lines.

22. 22 Question A B C Which lines represent objects moving at the speed of light? D a)A b)B c)D d)A and B e)B and D f)C and D

23. 23 Question A B C D a)A b)C c)A and C Which lines represent objects moving faster than the speed of light?

24. 24 Worksheet II Label both axes with the right units Draw the spacetime graphs for the stories

25. 25 A spaceship starts at earth and travels a distance of 3 light-years at 3/4 the speed of light.

26. 26 A spaceship starts at earth and travels a distance of 4 light-years at twice the speed of light.

27. 27 The light from two exploding stars reaches earth at the same time. The first star is 20 light- years away; the other is 30 light-years away.

28. 28 Cosmic speed limit So far, scientists have not observed any phenomenon that moves faster than the speed of light. This includes any form of communication or information transit. Later we will see WHY we think this to be universally true, but let’s just take it as a fact for the moment.

29. 29 We are here and now O×O×

30. 30 O×O× A×A× We can walk or send a rocket or a message from O to A, so we can affect it. (Nostradamus sending a letter to start the Great Fire of London)

31. 31 O×O× A×A× From O, we can’t affect something at A: light doesn’t have time to get there

32. 32 O×O× A×A× From O, we can’t affect something at A: light doesn’t have time to get there

33. 33 Things we can affect in the future O×O×

34. 34 O×O× A×A× A was a butterfly 100 years ago O is me now A could be part of my history

35. 35 O×O× A×A× A happened in the past O is me now But I can’t possibly know A has happened... light from A hasn’t reached me yet. e.g. a star 100 light years away exploded 50 years ago.

36. 36 Things that could have affected us from the past O×O× Things we can affect in the future

37. 37 O×O× Events that can’t have anything to do with here-and- now... they’re too far away!

38. 38 Definitions O×O× O×O× Events in this region are time-like separated from O. Events in this region are space-like separated from O.

39. 39 Definitions O×O× O×O× O×O× Things on the blue lines are on the light cone.

40. 40 Why “Light Cone”? Here’s the picture with 2 space dimensions (i.e. N/S, E/W) and time.

41. Invariants: totally constant are65adfg5h4634 An invariant quantity is a value which is unchanged when applied to a different coordinate system. An example of an invariant quantity would be the distance between two points on a line. Mikey Cigars Laws of nature will not change no matter what your viewing point is. For example, a TV will work in the family room of your house just the same as if it were in the kitchen. Two different places does not change the result.

42. Invariants Observers can disagree on many things (distances, time intervals) Can they agree on something? –Speed of light –Physics –Invariants!

43. How do we construct an invariant? Pragmatic way: see what stuff (physics) we have to agree on, then express them in terms of the quantities we do not have agree on (coordinates) Often, invariants are connected to symmetries

44. Example: Rotational symmetry Consider a circle: it looks round, no matter how you describe it. Rotated Observer

45. Was the circle rotated? Can you tell? The coordinates of a point on the circle are different for two observers. How can you tell whether they talk about the same circle? Rotated Observer x x

46. Calculate the radius! Rotated Observer x x

47. Every observer has to agree on the radius; it’s what makes this circle this circle! The radius of the circle is an invariant –It stems from rotational symmetry

48. Pythagoras doesn’t work in Relativity! See textbook: the “geometry” of spacetime is not as simple as the geometry of a flat sheet of paper (euclidean geometry, aka the geometry where Pythagoras works, the sum of the angles of a triangle is 180 degrees, etc.)

49. 49 Example O×O× View from Earth A×A× A spaceship starts at earth and travels a distance of 3 light-years at 3/5 the speed of light.

50. 50 Example O×O× View from Earth A×A× O - they whizz past earth A - they arrive at their destination 3 light-years 5 light- years

51. 51 Gamma etc. View from Rocket if v/c = 3/5c then γ = 5/4=1.25 cT’ = proper time = “c time” seen from rocket = 4 light-years

52. 52 View from Rocket L’ = proper distance = distance seen from earth = 3 light-years L = contracted distance = L’/γ = 3 light-years/1.25 = 12/5 ly = 2.4 light-years

53. 53 From Earth O×O× A×A× Rocket O×O× A×A× From Rocket Can we come up with a number that we both agree on for the distance/time between O and A? earth Rocket earth

54. 54 Spacetime interval The rationale is in Cox and Forshaw s is the spacetime interval t = time between two events x = distance between two events (we used L so far)

55. 55 O-A measured by earth: t = 5 years so, ct = 5 light-years x = 3 light-years s 2 = (ct) 2 - x 2 s 2 = (5) 2 - (3) 2 s 2 = 25 - 9 = 16 s = 4 light-years O-A measured by rocket: t = 4 years so, ct = 4 light-years x = 0 light-years (rocket doesn’t move) s 2 = (ct) 2 - x 2 s 2 = (4) 2 - (0) 2 s 2 = 16 - 0 = 16 s = 4 light-years That is... s is just another name for the proper time!

56. The invariant! Every observer will calculate the same number: s = 4 light-years between the rocket leaving and the rocket arriving.

57. All points (events) on the red curve, are a “space-time distance” s away from the origin