1. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1 Chapter 4: Torts and Cyber Torts

2. 2 © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Learning Objectives What is a tort? What is the purpose of tort law? What are the two basic categories of torts? What are the four elements of negligence? What is meant by strict liability? In what circumstances is strict liability applied? What is a cyber tort, and how are tort theories being applied in cyberspace?

3. 3 © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. The Basis of Tort Law A tort is a private, civil legal action to obtain monetary damages from a legal injury a person or property. Damages: –Compensatory Damages: actual losses. Puts plaintiff in position he would have been in if the tort had not occurred. Special Damages: quantifiable such as lost wages, medical bills. General Damages: nonmonetary losses such as pain and suffering. –Punitive Damages: punish wrongdoer, typically only available in intentional torts.

4. 4 © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. The Basis of Tort Law Plaintiff (injured party) sues the Defendant (tortfeasor). Classification of Torts: –Intentional. –Unintentional (negligence-no fault). –Strict Liability (absolute liability).

5. 5 © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Assault and Battery. –Assault: the reasonable apprehension or fear of immediate contact. –Battery: completion (contact) of the assault. –No motive is necessary, and plaintiff can be compensated for emotional harm. –Defenses: Consent. Self-Defense and Others. Defense of Property. Intentional Torts Against Persons

6. 6 © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. False Imprisonment. –Confinement or restraint of another person’s activities without justification. –Merchants can detain a suspected shoplifter as long as there is probable cause. Infliction of Emotional Distress. –Extreme and outrageous conduct. –Some courts require physical symptoms. Intentional Torts Against Persons

7. 7 © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Defamation. –Publication of a false statement (oral or written) that injures a person’s good reputation. Fact or Opinion?? Opinions are free speech and generally not actionable. Slander is oral, Libel is written. Statements made on the internet may be libel. Publication Requirement: third party must hear or see statement. An individual who re- publishes the statement may be liable. Intentional Torts Against Persons

8. 8 © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Defamation Damages. –Libel: damages are presumed as a matter of law. Plaintiff need not prove she was actually injured. Reason: libel is “permanent” and continues to harm after statement made. –Slander : plaintiff must prove special damages (statement actually caused monetary loss). Reason: slander is temporary. Exception: Slander per se  Intentional Torts Against Persons

9. 9 © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Defamation. –Slander per se (no proof of damages is required): Loathsome communicable disease. Professional impropriety. Imprisonment for a serious crime. Unmarried woman is unchaste. Intentional Torts Against Persons

10. 10 © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Defamation Defenses. –Truth is normally an absolute defense. –Statement was Privileged: Absolute: judicial and legislative proceedings. Qualified: good faith, limited. –Public Figures: plaintiff must show statement made with “actual malice.” Intentional Torts Against Persons

11. 11 © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Invasion of the Right to Privacy. –Person has the right to solitude. Breach of that duty is a tort. –Appropriation of identity (discussed  ). –Intrusion into private affairs or seclusion. –False Light. –Public disclosure of private facts. –Rights of internet users? Intentional Torts Against Persons

12. 12 © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Intentional Torts Against Persons Appropriation. –Use of another person’s name, likeness or other identifying characteristic, without permission, with benefit to user. –Degree of Likeness is distinguished by different courts. –Right of Publicity as a property right: focuses on commercial exploitation of likeness

13. 13 © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Fraudulent (Intentional) Misrepresentation. –Intentional deception of another that causes belief in a condition that is different from the condition that already exists. Knowing misrepresentation of fact. Intent to induce innocent party to rely. Justifiable reliance by innocent party. Causation and Damages. –Contrast: “puffery” or statements of opinion. Intentional Torts Against Persons

14. 14 © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Negligent Misrepresentation. –Key difference between intentional and negligent misrepresentation is whether person making the false statement actually knew it was false. –Typically occurs when person owes a duty to another to give correct information. Intentional Torts Against Persons Case 4.1 McClain v. Octagon Plaza, LLC. Defendants negligently represented size of leased property and plaintiff justifiably relied, resulting in $90,000 in damages.

15. 15 © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Intentional Torts Against Persons Abusive or Frivolous Litigation. –Plaintiff files suit based on malice or without a legitimate legal reason and loses the suit, he can be sued for malicious prosecution, recover costs of suit and, in some states, lost profits. –Abuse of process: does not require proof of malice or prior litigation.

16. 16 © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Wrongful Interference with Contracts. –Valid, enforceable contract exists between two parties. –Third party knows about contract. –Third party intentionally causes either party to breach the original contract. Intentional Torts Against Persons

17. 17 © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Wrongful Interference with Business Relationship. –Distinguish competition vs. predatory behavior. Predatory behavior is unlawfully driving competitors out of market. –To prevail, Plaintiff must show Defendant targeted only Plaintiff’s customers and product. Defenses to Wrongful Interference: Interference was justified or permissible (bona fide competitive behavior). Intentional Torts Against Persons

18. 18 © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Trespass to Personal Property. –Wrongfully taking or harm or interference with exclusive right of use of personal property (chattel) of another. Intentional Torts Against Property

19. 19 © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Conversion. –Wrongfully taking or retaining possession of chattel and placing in service of another. Good intentions are not a defense. –Usually occurs with trespass to personal property. Intentional Torts Against Property Case 4.2 Trustees of University of District of Columbia v. Vossoughi Replacement cost is appropriate measure of damages for conversion of personal property. FMV may be inadequate in some cases.

20. 20 © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Disparagement of Property. –Occurs when economically injurious falsehoods are made about another’s property or product. –Slander of Quality (Trade Libel): false statement about another’s product that caused a third party to refrain from dealing with plaintiff, causing financial loss. –Slander of Title: false statement about legal ownership of another’s product resulting in financial loss. Intentional Torts Against Property

21. 21 © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Unintentional Torts (Negligence) Occurs when plaintiff is legally injured due to defendant’s failure to live up to a required duty of care causing foreseeable risk of injury. Analysis: –Did the Defendant owe the Plaintiff a legal duty of care? –Did the Defendant breach that duty? –Did the Plaintiff suffer a legal injury? –Did the Defendant’s breach of duty cause the Plaintiff’s injury?

22. 22 © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Negligence: Duty of Care and Breach Duty is based on reasonable person standard. –How would a reasonable person have acted under the circumstances? –Duty of Landowners to warn business invitees of risks, and keep common areas safe. Exception: Obvious risks. –Duty of Professionals to clients (attorneys, CPA’s, doctors).

23. 23 © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Negligence: Injury Requirement and Damages Plaintiff must suffer a legally recognizable injury. –Plaintiff must show she suffered loss or harm to legally protected interest. –Not all injuries can be compensated. –Compensatory damages are norm. Punitive damages are generally awarded only in intentional torts.

24. 24 © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Negligence: Causation To hold defendant liable, plaintiff must the tortious act was both the actual and proximate cause of the injury. –Causation in Fact: “but for” defendant’s act, injury would not have occurred. –Proximate Cause: defendant’s act created a foreseeable risk of injury to plaintiff (sufficient strong connection).

25. 25 © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Defenses to Negligence Assumption of the Risk. –Not applied in emergency situations. Superseding Cause. –Event must be unforeseeable. Contributory Negligence (few jurisdictions). Comparative Negligence (more common). –As long as Plaintiff is less than 50% at fault he can recover a pro-rata share of the verdict.

26. 26 © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Special Negligence Doctrines Res Ipsa Loquitur. Negligence Per Se. Violation of law is legal breach of duty. Plaintiff must show: –Defendant broke a law/statute. –Plaintiff is in special class to be protected; –Statute designed to prevent injury to Plaintiff. “Danger Invites Rescue” doctrine. Dram Shop Acts.

27. 27 © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Strict Liability Does not require fault, intent or breach of duty. Usually involves ‘abnormally dangerous’ activities and risk cannot be prevented. Dangerous Animals. Product Liability—manufacturers and sellers of harmful or defective products.

28. 28 © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Cyber Torts – Online Defamation Identifying the Author of Online Defamation. –Threshold barrier to suing an internet service provide (ISP). Suits are now brought by “John Does” until discovery is completed. Liability of ISPs. –Communications Decency Act provides broad protection for ISPs, but there are limits to immunity: Case 4.3 Fair Housing Council of San Fernando Valley v. Roommate.com, LLC CDA does not provide immunity under FHA for questions that could be used to discriminate against housing residents.