1. PLANT DIVERSITY

2. Plants have an alternation of generations: the diploid spore-producing plant (sporophyte) alternates with the haploid gamete-producing plant (gametophyte).

3. ANGIOSPERMS (flowering plants)
FLOWER SEED FLOWER AGAIN
*Bright colored petals/attractive scent attract
*Flower has many parts
*Sepal, petals, stamen, stigma, ovary

4. Sepals
sepal
The sepals protect the flower before it opens.

5. Petals
The petals attract pollinating insects with their bright colour and attractive scent.

6. Stamens
The stamens are the male part of the flower.
The plant makes pollen in the top part of the stamen, called the anther.

7. The Stigma The stigma is the top of the female part of the flower.
The pollen from another flower collects on the stigma’s sticky surface.

8. The Ovary The ovary protects the ovules.
Pollen travels to the ovules and fertilization takes place.
Now the ovules will develop into seeds.

9. Pollination Insects visit flowers to search for nectar – their food.
But the flowers use the insects for their own purposes!

10. Pollen gets stuck on the insect’s legs.
As the insect probes for nectar, its body rubs against the stamens.
Pollen gets stuck on the insect’s legs.
You can often see bees with a heavy load of yellow pollen on their hind legs.

11. Pollination pollination.
When the insect visits another flower of the same type, the pollen will stick to the stigma.
This is called
pollination.

12. Fertilization
The pollen travels to the ovary, where it joins with an ovule.
This is called fertilization.

13. Seeds
The seeds develop inside the ovary, which grows to become the seed pod or fruit.

14. Seed Dispersal
The seeds are dispersed; some by animals, some by the wind, some by explosion and some by water.

15. Angiosperms have 2 divisions

16. Angiosperm Life Cycle
The sporophyte is the dominant generation, but multicellular male and female gametophytes are produced within the flowers of the sporophyte. Cells of the microsporangium within the anther undergo meiosis to produce microspores. Subsequent mitotic divisions are limited, but the end result is a multicellular pollen grain. The megasporangium is protected by two layers of integuments and the ovary wall. Within the megasporangium, meiosis yields four megaspores—three small and one large. Only the large megaspore survives to produce the embryo sac. Fertilization occurs when the pollen germinates and the pollen tube grows toward the embryo sac. The sporophyte generation may be maintained in a dormant state, protected by the seed coat

17. Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms include gnetophytes, cycads, ginkgoes, and conifers
Cone bearing plants

18. Bryophytes
Bryophytes have life cycles that depend on water for reproduction. Lacking vascular tissue, these plants can draw up water by osmosis only a few centimeters above the ground
they are low-growing plants that can be found in moist, shaded areas.
mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

19. Bryophyte Life Cycle

20. Seedless Vascular Plants
Ferns & Horsetails
Like other vascular plants, ferns and their relatives have true roots, leaves, and stems. Roots are underground organs that absorb water and minerals

21. Seedless Vascular Plants Life Cycle

22. REVIEW

23. seed
zygote
sporophyte
microspores
megaspore
microgametophyte
Megagametophyte
Ovary
anther
b. Sporophyte c. megaspores d. microspores

24. Epidermis
Cortex
Vascular bundle/xylem
Pith
Phloem
Bark .

25. Epidermis
Palisade mesophyll
Leaf vein
Spongy mesophyll
Stomate
Guard cell
Leaf veins
Cuticle
Stomates
A, B and C

26. Pressure
Osmotic
Higher
turgid

27. Anther
Filament
Stamen
Pollen
Stigma
Style
Ovary
Pistil
Petal
Sepal
Ovule
Pollen tube

28. Zone of cell division
Zone of elongation
Zone of maturation
endodermis
pericycle
phloem
xylem
cortex
epidermis
Root hair
Vascular cylinder
Root cap

29. The sun causes water to evaporate at leaves
Negative pressure
Water molecules cling to one another (cohesion) and to sides of vessels (adhesion)
Negative pressure potential
Cohesion refers to water molecules clinging together and tension refers to negative pressure potential. Water flows upward along the length of the plant

30. Plant Adaptations to Life On Land
Drying out: waterproof surfaces
Gas exchange: stomata (above ground)/swim bladder
Support: vacuole/cell walls
Conduction: xylem and phloem/conducting cells
Reproduction: moist surfaces/specialized delivery systems (pollen tubes)