1. Journal Publishing and E-journal Reading by Social Science Scholars in Taiwan Mei-Ling Wang Graduate Institute of Library, Information and Archival Studies National Cheng-chi University Email:meilingw@nccu.edu.tw June 25, 2012

2. Outline Taiwan Journal Publishing Methodology of Study Social scientists’ E- journal Use Habits Social scientists’ E-journal Reading Behavior The importance of e-journals E-journal reading critical incidents E-journal article sources Reading environment, methods and process Reading value and personal information management Conclusion 2015/9/7 2

3. The First Magazine Published in Taiwan Taiwan’s first magazine, “ 臺灣產學雜誌 ” (Taiwanese Industry Magazine), was published in1896 during the reign of the Qing dynasty. The Government of Republic of China later moved to Taiwan gradually developed journal publishing. 2015/9/7 3

4. History of Journal Publishing in Taiwan The popularization of education, the lifting of the newspaper ban, and the Publication Law all contributed to the gradual development of journal publishing. In 1979, there were 1,600 of periodicals published; in 2011 more than 5,000 journals were published. 2015/9/7 4

5. 5 Journals and Magazine Publishers Statistics During 1996 to 2010 in Taiwan

6. Scholarly Journals in Taiwan The robust growth of scholarly journals in Taiwan has promoted the development of higher education and scientific research More than 1,200 Scholarly journals which are published by 200 universities and research institutes present rich and vigorous academic achievements in Taiwan. The 700 scholarly journals in the areas of the Humanities and Social Sciences best represent Taiwan's academic characteristics and academic achievements. 2015/9/76

7. Journal Publications Transforming into Information Systems Journals were entered into information systems beginning in 1970. the National Central Library produced the ROC Journal Article Index. In 1996, the NCL digitized 4,000 journal collections for the Distance Books Project. In 2000, the Airiti Co. built the first commercial Taiwanese electronic journal database - Chinese Journal Electronic Services. In 2009, the Airiti Co. built the Academic Citation database. 2015/9/7 7

8. Three types of Electronic Journal Databases in Taiwan Three types of Electronic Journal Databases in Taiwan Journal article index databases, Full text electronic journal databases, Journal Citation Index databases. 2015/9/7 8

9. Research Background Social scientists use journal articles heavily in their research and teaching. Research into scholarly journal use and reading patterns in Europe and America has shown they have a particular liking for English e-journals. Few studies on Chinese journal use and reading have been carried out. Social scientists in Taiwan use and read scholarly journals both in English and in Chinese. They use and read electronic journals differently from scientists in the U.S. and Europe. 2015/9/7 9

10. Purposes of the Study The study attempts to investigate the electronic journal article reading behavior of social scientists in Taiwan. 1.To investigate the history of electronic journal publishing and databases 2.To explore the importance of e-journals in social scientists’ research 3.To explore the e-journal reading behavior of Taiwanese social scientists 4.To find factors influencing e-journal article reading to allow comparisons to be made between the e-journal reading behavior of social scientists in Taiwan and in Western countries. 2015/9/7 10

11. Research Methods  A web-based in-depth questionnaire was designed to quantify social scientists’ scholarly journal use patterns; e-journal reading environment and methods; and e- journal reading value and information management.  Critical incident technique was used to ask respondents to reply based on their most recent e-journal article reading experience and their use experience in the past month. 2015/9/7 11

12. Discipline Task E-journal use habit Article Length Structure Language Publication date Motivation Sources Reading environment Strategies Reading methods Focus Liner reading procedure Time spent reading Satisfaction Value Impact Annotating & highlighting Personal information management Evaluation Feedback to Publisher & database industry Context → Influence → Process → Consequence Framework of e-journal article reading behavior for Social Scientists 2015/9/712

13. Two Questionnaire Surveys Two questionnaire surveys were conducted from December,2011 to January, 2012, a total of 294 valid questionnaires collected. In the first stage, the researcher sent questionnaires by mail to the 84 faculty members of eight Library and Information Science schools and got 51 returned questionnaires. 2015/9/7 13

14. Web-based in-Depth Survey In the second stage, the web-based in-depth survey was carried out at National Cheng-Chi University in Taiwan in 2012. The target population was social science faculty members and researchers of National Cheng-Chi University in Taiwan. In the web-based survey of January 2012, 253 questionnaire responses were collected at National Cheng-Chi University. 2015/9/7 14

15. CollegeRespondents 294 % College of Social Science 11137.8% College of Business 6622.4% Library & Information Science 5117.3% College of Education 3311.2% College of Law 175.8% College of Communication 165.4% 2015/9/715

16. Outline Taiwan Journal Publishing Methodology of Study Social scientists’ E- journal Use Habits Social scientists’ E-journal Reading Behavior The importance of e-journals E-journal reading critical incidents E-journal article sources Reading environment, methods and process Reading value and personal information management Conclusion 2015/9/7 16

17. Importance of E-journals 96% respondents in Taiwan regarded e-journals as important College Social Science(%) Business (%) LIS(%) Educatio n (%) Law(%) Commu ni(%) Total(%) Very important 75(68.2%)43(67.2%) 40(78.4 %) 24(72.7 %) 13(76.5%)8(50%) 203(69.8 %) Important 31(28.2%)15(23.4%) 11(21.6 %) 8(24.2%)4(23.5%)6(9.4%)75(25.8%) No comment 4(3.6%)6(9.4%)0(0%)1(3%)0(0%)1(6.3%)12(4.1%) Unimportant 0(0%) 1(6.3%)1(0.3%) Very Unimportant 0(0%) Subtotal 1106451331716291 2015/9/7 17

18. E- journals Usage Proportions For 63% of respondents, e-journals accounted for more than 70% of journals used. Library and Information Science scholars heavily used e-journals. Proportion Social Science(%) Business (%) LIS(%) Education (%) Law(%) Commun ication(%) Total(%) 25% or less 13(10.8 %) 8(12.1%)2(3.9%)3(6.1%)3(17.6%)2(12.5%) 31(9.9%) 26%~50 % 20(18%) 5(7.6%)1(2%)1(3%)3(17.6%)1(6.3%) 31(10.5%) 51%~70 % 20(18%) 6(9.1%)5(9.8%)8(24.2%)5(29.4%)2(12.5%) 46(15.6%) 71%~90 % 20(18%) 18(27.3 %) 22(43.1 %) 9(27.3%)4(23.5%)7(43.8%) 80(27.2%) 91% or more 38(34.2 %) 29(43.9 %) 21(41.2 %) 12(36.4 %) 2(11.8%)4(25%) 106(36.1 %) Subtotal 1116651331716294 2015/9/7 18

19. 2015/9/719 Taiwan social scientists use the databases Social Science( %) Business (%) LIS(%) Education (%) Law(%) Communi cation(%) Total(%) Proquest 52(46.8 %) 43(65.2 %) 20(39.2%)23(69.7%)1(5.9%)10(62.5%)149(50.7%) Taiwan periodical index 64(57.7 %) 17(25.8 %) 29(56.9%)18(54.5%)12(70.6%)8(50%)148(50.3%) EBSCOHos t 38(34.2 %) 35(53%)32(62.7%)25(75.8%)4(23.5%)11(68.8%)145(49.3%) Google 55(49.5 %) 33(50%)23(45.1%)20(60.6%)5(29.4%)7(43.8%)143(48.6%) CEPS61(55%) 13(19.7 %) 16(31.4%)12(36.4%)5(29.4%)8(50%)115(39.1%) JSTOR 53(47.7 %) 30(45.4 %) 12(23.5%)12(36.4%)4(23.5%)4(25%)115(39.1%) TSSCI 32(28.8 %) 12(18.2 %) 12(23.5%)17(51.5%)2(11.8%)1(6.3%)76(25.9%) WOS 14(12.6 %) 16(24.2 %) 20(39.2%)3(9.1%)1(5.9%)2(12.5%)56(19%)

20. Number of Articles Read Within a Month Respondents read an average 14.47 articles per month, and read 174 articles per year. College of Education scholars read the most articles per month, 23.65, followed by College of Communications scholars at17.73 articles per month. LIS scholars read least. Articles Social Science(%) Business (%) LIS(%) Education (%) Law(%) Communic ation(%) Total(%) <10 63(60%)39(68.4%)35(68.6%)17(54.8%)11(68.7%)11(73.3%)176(63.6%) 11-1512(11.4%)4(7%)3(5.8%)2(6.4%)0(0%) 21(7.6%) 16-2015(14.2%)7(12.2%)9(17.6%)4(12.9%)1(6.3%)1(6.6%)37(13.5%) 21-251(0.9%)1(1.7%)0(0%)2(6.4%)0(0%) 4(1.5%) 26-308(7.62%)3(5.2%)1(1.9%)2(6.4%)2(12.5%)1(6.6%)17(6.2%) >30 6(5.7%)3(5.2%)3(5.8%)4(12.9%)2(12.5%)2(13.3%)20(7.3%) Subtotal 1055751311615275 Average 13.5312.9111.4323.651517.7314.47 2015/9/7 20

21. Language of E-journals Read Analysis of e-journal critical incident article reading showed that 78.3% were in English. 21.7% were in Chinese. College of Business scholars read the most e-journals in English 60% of College of Law scholars read e-journals in Chinese Language Social Science(%) Business (%) LIS(%) Education (%) Law(%) Communic ation(%) Total(%) Chinese 19(38%)3(7.3%)5(12.5%)3(25%)3(60%)1(11.1%)34(21.7%) English 31(62%) 38(92.7 %) 35(87.5%)9(75%)2(40%)8(88.9%) 123(78.3 %) Subtotal 28294332214157 2015/9/7 21

22. Time Spent Reading Articles The average time spent reading an e-journal article was 88.55 minutes. Average annual reading time was 256.26 hours each year. Business School scholars spent 131 minutes to read one article; Education scholars spent 100 minutes; Library and Information scholars spent 66 minutes. Time spent Social Science(%) Business (%) LIS(%)Education(%)Law(%) Comm. (%) Total(%) <10 mins 3(7.6%)1(2.7%)2(4.8%)1(8.3%)0(0%)1(12.5%)8(5.8%) 10~30 mins 16(41%)10(27%)18(43.9%)6(50%)1(50%)2(25%)53(38.1%) 30~60 mins 9(23.1%)8(21.6%)14(34.2%)2(16.6%)0(0%)2(25%)35(25.2%) 60 ~120mins 6(15.4%)4(10.8%)3(7.3%)1(8.3%)0(0%)2(25%)16(12.2%) 120 ~180min s 1(2.6%)6(16.2%)1(2.4%)0(0%)1(50%)0(0%)9(6.5%) >180 minutes 4(10.3%)8(21.6%)3(7.3%)2(16.6%)0(0%)1(12.5%)18(12.9%) Subtotal 3937411228139 average 77.07mins 131.08min s 66.46mins100mins 82.5min s 70.63min s 88.55 mins 22 2015/9/7

23. Reading Purposes The main reading purposes were writing papers, undertaking research projects, and writing research proposals. Purposes Social Science(%) Business (%) LIS(%) Education( %) Law(%)Comm. (%) Total(%) Writing papers 22(43.1%) 22(53.7 %) 9(20%)3(25%)3(60%)5(55.6%)64(39.3%) Research 11(21.6%)7(17.1%)25(55.6%)6(50%)0(0%)1(11.1%)50(30.7%) Research proposal 13(25.5%)3(7.3%)7(15.6%)1(8.3%)2(40%)2(22.2%)28(17.2%) Teaching 1(2%)4(9.8%)3(6.7%)0(0%) 1(11.1%)9(5.5%) Others 1(2%)4(9.8%)1(2.2%)1(8.3%)0(0%) 7(4.3%) Symposium 2(3.9%)0(0%) 1(8.3%)0(0%) 3(1.8%) Classic paper 1(2%)1(2.4%)0(0%) 2(1.2%) Subtotal 5141451259163 23 2015/9/7

24. Seeking Electronic Articles The main methods for seeking electronic articles were searching in journal databases and library catalogs. College of Communication and Business scholars were more likely to use search engines. Method Social Science(%) Business (%) LIS(%) Education( %) Law(%)Comm. (%) Total(%) Journal Database 10(20.4%)8(19.5%)28(62.2%)3(25%)1(20%)1(11.1%)51(31.7%) Library catalog 17(34.7%)16(39%)2(4.4%)6(50%)3(60%)4(44.4%)48(29.8%) Search engine 9(18.4%)12(29.3%)8(17.8%)1(8.3%)0(0%)3(33.3%)33(20.5%) Citations 7(14.3%)2(4.9%)3(6.7%)1(8.3%)0(0%) 13(8.1%) Colleagues 3(6.1%)3(7.3%)2(4.4%)1(8.3%)0(0%) 9(5.6%) Browsing journals 2(4.1%)0(0%)1(2.2%)0(0%) 3(1.9%) Others 1(2%)0(0%)1(2.2%)0(0%)1(20%)1(11.1%)4(2.5%) Subtotal 4941451259161 24 2015/9/7

25. E-journal Article Sources The main sources of E-journal articles were library collections and search engines. Source Social Science (%) Business (%) LIS(%) Education (%) Law (%) Comm. (%) Total(%) Library collection 38(76 %) 34(82.9 %) 38(84.4 %) 11(91.7%)3(60%)5(55.6%) 129(79.6 %) Search engine 12(24 %) 7(17.1 %) 6(13.3%)1(8.3%)1(20%)3(33.3%)30(18.5%) Other 0(0%) 1(20%)1(11.1%)2(1.2%) Personal subscripti on 0(0%) 1(2.2%)0(0%) 1(0.6%) Suttotal 5041451259162 25 2015/9/7

26. Screen Browsing 87.3 % of Taiwan's social science scholars browse electronic journals on the screen. They first view the content or title on the screen, and then decide whether to read or download the article. Social Sciences and Business college scholars like screen browsing Screen browsing Social Science (%) Business (%) LIS (%) Education (%) Law (%) Comm. (%) Total(%) Yes 50(94.3%)39(95.1%)30(66.7%)11(91.7%) 5(100 %) 9(100%) 144(87.3 %) No 3(5.7%)2(4.9%)15(33.3%)1(8.3%)0(0%) 21(12.7%) Subtotal 5341451259165 26 2015/9/7

27. Reading Environment Reading environments involve screen-based reading, print reading and the mixed methods mentioned above. Most respondents read on the screen more then read in print. College Social Science (%) Business (%) LIS(%) Education (%) Law(%)Commni. (%) Total (%) Screen- based reading 22(42.3 %) 15(36.6%)13(28.9%)9(75%)3(60%)8(88.9%)70(42.7%) Print reading 14(26.9 %) 16(39%)20(44.4%)2(16.7%)0(0%) 52(31.7%) Mixed methods 16(30.8 %) 10(24.4%)12(26.7%)1(8.3%)2(40%)1(11.1%)42(25.6%) Subtotal 5241451259164 27 2015/9/7

28. Reading Methods Of the four methods of journal reading, 31.9% used repeated reading, 28.8% partial reading, 27% complete reading, and 12.3% collocating reading. Most respondents read articles repeatedly. Social Science(%) Business (%) LIS(%) Education (%) Law(%)Comm.(%) Total(%) Repeated reading 20(39.2%) 12(29.3 %) 12(26.7 %) 5(41.7%)0(0%)3(33.3%) 52(31.9 %) Partial reading 17(33.3%) 12(29.3 %) 8(17.8%)5(41.7%)1(20%)4(44.4%) 47(28.8 %) Complete reading 9(17.6%) 12(29.3 %) 17(37.8 %) 2(16.7%)2(40%)2(22.2%)44(27%) Collocating reading 5(9.8%)5(12.2%)8(17.8%)0(0%)2(40%)0(0%) 20(12.3 %) Subtotal 5141451259163 28 2015/9/7

29. Reading Strategies More than half of respondents selected partial in-depth reading, followed by in-depth reading. Respondents from the College of Business, College of Law, and College of Communicate were least likely to choose in-depth reading. Social Science(%) Business (%) LIS(%) Education (%) Law(%)Comm. (%) Total(%) Partial in- depth reading 21(41.2%)29(70.7%)27(60%)8(72.7%)5(100%)7(87.5%)97(60.2%) In-depth reading 18(35.3%)5(12.2%)15(33.3%)2(18.2%)0(0%) 40(24.8%) Skimming 9(17.6%)6(14.6%)2(4.4%)0(0%) 17(10.6%) Browsing 3(5.9%)1(2.4%)1(2.2%)1(9.1%)0(0%)1(12.5%)7(4.3%) Subtotal 5141451158161 29 2015/9/7

30. Reading Procedure Participants read electronic articles in order, including sequential reading, jump reading, and jump reading followed by sequential reading. Most of respondents first jump read and then read sequentially. Social Science (%) Business (%)LIS(%) Education (%) Law(%) Comm. (%) Total(%) First jump then sequential reading 25(49%)14(34.1%)17(37.8%)2(16.7%)2(40%)5(55.6%)75(46%) Sequential reading 20(39.2 %) 14(34.1%)17(37.8%)2(16.7%)2(40%)5(55.6%)60(36.8%) Jump reading 6(11.8%)8(19.5%)8(17.8%)4(33.3%)1(20%)1(11.1%)28(17.2%) Total 5141451259163 30 2015/9/7

31. Satisfaction After Reading 90% of the social scientists surveyed reported feeling satisfied with reading e-journal articles. Social science scholars believe that electronic journals reading to help research Social Science (%) Business (%) LIS(%) Education (%) Law(%)Comm.(%) Total(%) Very satisfied 9(18%)9(22%)8(18.2%)3(25%)2(40%)1(11.1%)32(19.9%) Satisfied 35(70%)30(73.2%)31(70.5%)7(58.3%)3(60%)8(88.9%)114(70.8%) No opinion 5(10%)1(2.4%)5(11.4%)2(16.7%)0(0%) 13(8.1%) dissatisfied 1(2%)0(0%) 1(0.6%) Very dissatisfied 0(0%)1(2.4%)0(0%) 1(0.6%) subtotal 5041441259161 31 2015/9/7

32. Annotating and Highlighting 86.9%of scholars take notes or highlighting, 56.3% marked on printed article, followed by 25.6% who took handwritten notes.. Social Science(%) Commerce( %) LIS(%)Education(%)Law(%)Comm. (%) Total(%) Marking the printed article 27(54%)21(52.5%)32(72.7%)5(41.7%)2(40%)3(33.3%)90(56.3%) Taking handwritten notes on printed articles 17(34%)12(30%)9(20.5%)0(0%)2(40%)1(11.1%)41(25.6%) Marking the e- journal article 16(32%)8(20%)7(15.9%)2(16.7%)1(20%)5(55.6%)39(24.4%) Taking notes on e- journal articles 14(28%)8(20%)7(15.9%)3(25%)3(60%)1(11.1%)36(22.5%) No annotation 6(12%)6(15%)5(11.4%)2(16.7%)1(20%)1(11.1%)21(13.1%) Other 0(0%) 32 2015/9/7

33. Personal Information Management 85% of the scholars engaged in personal information management behaviors. LIS scholars, law school scholars, doctoral students were more likely to download the paper or managing by computer. Social Science(%) Commerc e(%) LIS(%) Education (%) Law(%)Comm. (%) Total(%) Downloading articles without managing them 21(42.9%)17(41.5%)18(40.9%)5(41.7%)2(40%)5(55.6%)68(42.5%) Download and manage articles on the computer 20(40.8%)17(41.5%)22(50%)3(25%)2(49%)3(33.3%)67(41.9%) No downloading and managing of articles 8(16.3%)7(17.1%)4(9.1%)4(33.3%)1(20%)1(11.1%)25(15.6%) Subtotal 4941441259160 33 2015/9/7

34. Conclusions(cont’d) Four types of e-journal reading behavior of social scientists in Taiwan are shown in the study, including screen-based reading, screen-based collocating reading, screen-based partial reading, screen browsing and print reading. Most respondents agreed that e-journals are very important, none of them think they are unimportant, and the proportion using them was over 90%. E-journals are the most common way for social scientists to read journal articles. The respondents read an average of 14.47 articles per month, and 173.64 articles per year The average spent time reading an article of social scientists in Taiwan was 88.55 minutes, and 256 hours per year. 2015/9/7 34

35. Conclusions Social science scholars prefer to read a lengthy e-journal article published in English for nearly six years, except the Law School scholars, they prefer reading Chinese journals. Social science scholars read e- journal articles mostly from the Library by database searching. Social science scholars like screen browsing before reading e-journal, e-journal article screen reading more than print article reading Social science scholars read e-journals articles with various reading methods and reading strategies Most of Social science scholars were satisfied with the e- journals article reading and took notes, highlighted and managed by computer. 35 2015/9/7

36. Conclusions(cont’d) There are differences in the electronic journal reading behavior s in accordance with Scholars different backgrounds. Some factors affect the reading behavior and satisfaction of e-journals, including paper length and language of electronic journal, reading methods and strategies of scholars. 2015/9/7 36

37. Future Research The future ongoing researches will focus on the point of view of cultural differences. Further investigation of the electronic journal reading of social science scholars in mainland China and the United States, besides, e-books reading and use behavior will be carried out, in the hope that the new discovery in the digital reading behavior 2015/9/7 37