1. Geography Chapter 2
A Living Planet

2. Bodies of Water and Landforms
Continents – land masses above water
Francis Bacon in 1620 proposed the idea of a supercontinent

3. Bodies of Water and Landforms
Earth 3rd planet from 93 million miles from the sun
Solar system – sun and nine known planets as well as other bodies that orbit the sun
Comets – spheres covered with ice and dust that leave vapor trails
Asteroids – large chunks of rocky material

4. Bodies of Water and Landforms
24,900 miles around (page 28)
7,900 miles in diameter
Core – center of the earth made of iron and nickel
Outer core is liquid and inner core is solid
Mantle – contains several layers of earth’s mass
Magma – molten rock
Crust – thin layer of rock at the earth’s surface

5. Bodies of Water and Landforms
Atmosphere – layer of gases surrounding the earth
Oxygen, radiation prevention, debris blocked, provides weather
Lithosphere – solid rock portion of the earth’s surface including the crust and upper mantle (seafloor as well)

6. Bodies of Water and Landforms
7 continents
1. North America
2. South America
3. Europe
4. Asia
5. Africa
6. Australia
7. Antarctica

7. Bodies of Water and Landforms
Hydrosphere – water elements of earth – oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and water
Biosphere – part of the earth where plants and animals live
Continental drift – the earth was once a supercontinent that divided and slowly drifted apart (Pangaea – all earth)

8. Bodies of Water and Landforms
Water helps distribute heat.
Oceans cover 71% of planet and are interconnected
Atlantic, Pacific, Indian and Arctic (Southern Ocean)
Currents, waves and tides (gravity)
Heat distributed by winds

9. Bodies of Water and Landforms
Hydrologic cycle – continuous circulation of water between atmospheres, oceans and the earth
Landforms – Review Page 34 & 35

10. Bodies of Water and Landforms
Oceanic Landforms – similar to landforms on above water
Continental shelf – earth’s surface from the edge of a continent to the deep part of an ocean
Continental Landforms – page 34 and 35
Relief – difference in elevation from the lowest point of a landform to the highest(mountains, hills, plains and plateaus
Topography – surface shape and composition of landforms along with their distribution in a region

11. Internal Forces Shaping the Earth
Plate tectonics – Rock heats, rises, cools and circulates downward, plates or large portions of earth move on top (Map page 37)
1. Plates move apart
2. Subduction – one plate moves under another
3. Collision or moving into each other
4. Shearing or slide past
each other

12. Internal Forces Shaping the Earth
San Andreas fault in CA
Rocks fold and crack
Fault – when rock cracks under pressure
Earthquake – earth shakes or trembles as plates move (1000s every year)
Seismograph – measures the size of waves created by an earthquake

13. Internal Forces Shaping the Earth
Epicenter – point above the focus of the earthquake
95% of quakes occur along plate boundaries
Pacific rim and southern Asia and Europe are most vulnerable
Aftershocks – smaller magnitude quakes
Richter Scale – measure of the amount of energy released by a quake
8.9 in 1986 is strongest ever measured

14. Internal Forces Shaping the Earth
Tsunami – giant wave in the ocean
Volcano – magma and materials (lava, gas, ash, rock and dust) pouring out of the earth along plate boundaries
Lava – magma that reaches the surface
Eruptions hard to predict
Ring of Fire – zone around the rim of the Pacific Ocean where most active volcanoes exist

15. Internal Forces Shaping the Earth
Hot springs and geysers
Old Faithful
Reykjavik, Iceland
Ash can be fertile
Hot springs can be used for energy

16. External Forces Shaping the Earth
Weathering – physical and chemical processes that change the characteristics of rock on or near the earth’s surface
Sediment – mud, sand, or silt particles of rock
Mechanical weathering – doesn’t change composition just size
Chemical weathering – rock changed into new substance with interaction of elements, air and water

17. External Forces Shaping the Earth
Erosion – weathered material moved by wind, water, ice or gravity
Reshapes landforms
Water moves material, abrases material or dissolves it
Streams erode vertically and horizontally
Deposit material in deltas

18. External Forces Shaping the Earth
Wind erosion – dunes, sediment moved by wind
Loess – fertile land from windblown silt and clay
Glacier – changing of landforms by moving ice (Ice Age 3)
Moraine – rocks deposited by glaciers

19. External Forces Shaping the Earth
Soil – loose mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, air and water that supports plant growth
Fertility – ability to nurture plants
5 factors affecting soil
1. Parent material
2. Relief
3. Organisms
4. Climate
5. Time
Variety of soils and climates determine vegetation (bananas)