1. Ted Cantle Institute of Community Cohesion Associate Director IDeA Building Cohesion in Walsall

2. What Was Found in 2001 Polarised and segregated communities Parallel lives Ignorance, fear and demonisation Lack of honesty and openness Lack of leadership and values Many initiatives, but also part of the problem

3. But the world continues to change In 1965 75m people lived outside home country, now 180m do so. 600,000 Brits now live in Spain; 1 st and 2 nd homes in Croatia, S Africa, Bulgaria etc 25m tourists to UK and millions from UK to ever widening list of countries And globalisation in many forms, students, business, brands, internet, etc Yet, riots in UK, France, Australia etc

4. And so does multicultural Britain 4.6 million BME people, many 2 nd /3 rd generation; 9% England; 13.6% Walsall Settlement Pattern little changed in 40 years, 50% BME in London – with other areas still mono-cultural London over 300 languages in schools New EU immigration (and from elsewhere) Little information since 2001

5. The Changing Face of Multiculturalism Proper response to racism/discrimination Multicultural model no longer adequate Focussed on difference not commonalities Differences between BME groups too More change will come from ethnic conflict, war, economic trends - and climate change

6. And Identity Politics Diaspora and transnational identities Competing claims of belonging Faith and other ‘difference’ Played out in local communities; grants, community centres, representation etc New approaches, based on norms and values, transcending ‘identity

7. A sense of belonging….

8. Are We ‘Sleepwalking Into Segregation’? Some encouraging signs in predominantly white areas – but still insularity And ‘concentration’ of groups increasing due to ‘white flight’, natural growth and immigration. Polarised communities school segregation growing in some areas Does spatial ‘segregation’ matter – can it be counter-balanced by other domains?

9. White Flight and BME Growth 1991-2001 Birmingham: -90,000; +58,000 Manchester : -43,000; +15,000 Bristol: -17,000; +8,000 Liverpool: -37,000; +4,000 Leicester: -19,000; +19,000 London: -340,000; +600,000 is it social class, natural change; or parental choice; and ‘black flight’? And since 2001?

10. Do We Manage New Settlement? Resource conflicts are real - attitudes and fear of difference also real Does increasing diversity undermine solidarity - can we/should we manage identity as part of ‘settlement’? Does separate provision reinforce separation in an attempt to capacity build and promote cultural difference? Whose role is this anyway?

11. The Challenge of Cohesion To break down segregated communities – and the ‘fear of difference’ A new agenda, need to embed With less initiatives, more mainstream New sub-regional (and national) groupings and new structures – DCLG and the New Commission CEHR and new infrastructure

12. New Architecture at a Local Level? The history of RECs New arrangements under CEHR? High level strategic partnership Context of poverty and deprivation or wider view? Clear Vision. Clear strategy and plan – in LAAs, but integrated into mainstream services and voluntary sector activities

13. Within a political context Growth of far right (in the West Midlands) Other extremism Moral or political issue?or business drivers Cross sector alliances Communications programme and toolkit Balance between neighbourhoods and corporate vision

14. Performance Indicators and Intelligence Community cohesion indicators – knowing what local people think – perceptions Hate crime, tensions and disputes Investing in positive relationships And tackling inequality Service planning – not just minorities and within minorities

15. Information and Intelligence Crime and disorder – community tensions A different view from young people on the street and in schools The direction of the ‘choice agenda’ Civil renewal and democratic engagement, not taken hold Population churn and impact upon ‘Social Capital’ – and interaction

16. Understanding Social Capital The institutional and social networks which enable communities to function collectively But what ‘capital’ exists now? Is it affected by popn. ‘churn’ and by diversity? How do we build it & create ‘bridging’ social capital? What layers are there – institutions, civil and formal and informal social - and who uses them?

17. Developing Mixed Communities Planning mixed communities…or …for ‘people like us’? Not just about tenure or facilities Catering for social and psychological needs…in ‘sustainable communities’ Developing Shared Spaces – leisure, shopping, libraries, sports, arts, festivals External and internal spaces

18. Parallel Lives physical segregation of housing estates and inner city areas cities compounded by separate educational arrangements, community and voluntary bodies, employment, places of worship, language, social and cultural networks no contact between different communities – compound ‘layers of separation’ The response – intelligent clustering. All communities need support networks

19. The Role of Community Leaders Making change, or hanging on to power and reinforcing divisions Structural changes and funding regimes to incentivise people and orgs to co-operate and to develop cross cultural programmes Being representative – and representative of whom Focus on White/LTR, not just BME

20. Action in Local communities …. Community Plan – vision for area Employment – new labour market, changing skills and needs Education – review admissions/change parental perceptions, promote mixed intakes; twinning; joint teaching; Citizenship Education Housing – lettings and development programmes (and ‘Sustainable Communities’), and private sector too

21. Action in Local Communities ….. Press and media – communications Police and community safety Youth – resources and cross-cultural Sport, Leisure and Culture - opportunity Health, services and organisation Faith, the voluntary sector generally LSCs, colleges and HE

22. Interaction – to break down barriers Examples School twinning Sports and arts programmes Inter-faith networks Youth projects Older people – visits, cookery, dance Civil society – school governors, councillors etc Shared experiences to develop understanding, trust and shared values

23. Conclusions Multiculturalism has not failed but need commonalities and cross cultural contact Leadership and Vision Developing new approaches – breaking down segregation, promoting ‘integration’ and mixed communities But building upon success

24. Contact Details ted.cantle@idea.gov.uk Institute of Community Cohesion