1. Stroke Hyperglycemia Insulin Network Effort (SHINE) Trial NIH-NINDS U01 NS069498 An Overview of SHINE

2. Contents Background Trial Overview Treatment Groups Outcomes I-SPOT Ancillary Study

3. SHINE Background Most animal stroke studies show that hyperglycemia at stroke onset leads to worse outcomes than normoglycemia: – Larger strokes – More brain edema – Greater hemorrhagic stroke transformation J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1997:17:553; Free Rad Biol Med 1997:23:986; Stroke 1989;20:646

4. SHINE Background Most observational human studies reported independent associations between hyperglycemia (on admission as well as after hospitalization) and: – Greater infarct growth on MRI – Hemorrhagic stroke transformation when tPA used – Worse functional outcomes Nat Rev Neurol 2010;6:145 Lancet Neurol 2012;11:261

5. SHINE Background Hyperglycemia Impairs Thrombolysis/Recanalization Nat Rev Neurol 2010;6:145 Acute & chronic hyperglycemia associated with impaired thrombolysis by enhancing thrombosis while inhibiting fibrinolysis Ischemia with Normoglycemia Hyperglycemia

6. SHINE Background Hyperglycemia Impairs Tissue Reperfusion Nat Rev Neurol 2010;6:145 Greater endothelial dysfunction leads to greater vasoconstriction even with recanalization Ischemia with Normoglycemia Hyperglycemia

7. SHINE Background Hyperglycemia Increases Ischemic Tissue Damage Nat Rev Neurol 2010;6:145 Greater oxidative stress, greater inflammatory response, greater acidosis, greater BBB leakage Ischemia with Normoglycemia Hyperglycemia

8. SHINE Background Favorable Outcome (mRS ≤1) at 3 months Decreases as blood glucose increases P=0.02 for all subjects Neurology 2002;59:669

9. SHINE Background Symptomatic ICH within 36 hrs of rt-PA Increases as blood glucose increases Neurology 2002;59:669

10. SHINE Background Greater tissue lactic acidosis Increased local exitotoxic amino acids Impaired recovery of elevated intracellular Ca 2+ Impaired cerebral vasoreactivity Increased local free radicals Increased blood-brain barrier leakage Lancet Neurol 2012;11:261 Why might hyperglycemia during acute stroke be detrimental? Uncertain

11. SHINE Background Uncertainty whether the observed clinical associations are cause or effect or associated without causation – Is it the hyperglycemia makes strokes worse leading to worse clinical outcomes or is it that more severe strokes and diabetes lead to worse clinical outcomes? Uncertainty when hyperglycemia is harmful: – during acute stroke with or without reperfusion? – with lacunar and non-lacunar strokes?

12. SHINE Background Equipoise Will acute correction of hyperglycemia improve functional outcomes? Will patients without DM benefit from acute hyperglycemia correction? What is the treatment time window? Is there a blood glucose threshold for favorable outcome? Will patients with lacunar strokes have better outcomes with higher glucose?

13. SHINE Background 1st Efficacy Trial: Glucose Insulin in Stroke Trial – United Kingdom (GIST-UK) Stroke onset <24 hrs 83% patients without DM Relatively low blood glucose levels at baseline (~150 mg/dL) Blood glucose in target range soon after treatment started in both groups Little separation of blood glucose levels between the 2 treatment groups (~10 mg/dL) Trial stopped after only 40% of target enrolled; N=933 Primary outcome: death at 90 days Lancet Neurol 2007;6:397

14. SHINE Background 1st Efficacy Trial: GIST-UK Lancet Neurol 2007;6:397

15. SHINE Background 1st Efficacy Trial: GIST-UK NS Lancet Neurol 2007;6:397

16. SHINE Background Key observations from 2 pilot NINDS clinical trials Hyperglycemia during acute stroke can be lowered in <6 hrs into target range with IV insulin protocols In patients without DM, hyperglycemia usually resolves rapidly without insulin treatment Hypoglycemia <60 mg/dL occurs in up to 40% of patients, but is usually asymptomatic Hypoglycemia occurs less frequently with computerized decision support tools Phase III trial warranted Stroke 2008;39:384-9, Stroke 2009;40:3804-9

17. SHINE Trial NIH-NINDS U01 5NS069498 Multicenter (~60 sites), randomized, controlled trial Phase III (definitive efficacy trial) Predominantly hyperglycemic acute ischemic stroke patients Comparison of standard SQ insulin vs IV insulin infusion Funded by NIH-NINDS Conducted in conjunction with NIH-NINDS funded Neurological Emergencies Treatment Trials Network (NETT) and NIH-NINDS StrokeNet In J Stroke 2014;9:246-51

18. SHINE Trial Specific Aims 1.To determine the efficacy of tight glucose control to a range of 80-130 mg/dL with IV insulin infusion in hyperglycemic acute ischemic stroke patients w/in 12 hours of symptom onset as measured by mRS at 90 days. 2.To determine the safety of tight glucose control with IV insulin infusion in hyperglycemic acute ischemic stroke patients treated for up to 72 hrs as measured by rate of severe hypoglycemia (<40 mg/dL) in intervention group compared to the control group <4%.

19. SHINE Trial Design Innovations Stratified randomization by IV tPA, stroke severity & site Response-Adaptive Randomization – ↑ chance of randomization to whichever group is doing better Primary outcome: 90 day mRS – sliding dichotomy Total enrollment ~ 1400 subjects w/sample size re- estimation Futility and efficacy stopping boundaries FDA cleared IV insulin decision support tool Baseline NIHSSFavorable mRS outcome 3-70 8-140, 1 15-220, 1, 2

20. SHINE Trial Decision Support Tool - GlucoStabilizer ® Designed at Indiana University/Clarian Health Licensed by Medical Decision Network FDA cleared and commercially available – used in >65,000 patients Considers individual patient response to insulin Severe hypoglycemia rate (<40 mg/dL) - 1.67% of patients and 0.07% of all glucose checks Adherence to the recommendations – 99% – 91-98% in literature for decision support tools – 97% in GRASP Crit Care Med 2008;36:1787-95, Stroke 2009;40:3804-9

21. SHINE Trial Statistical Power Estimations Favorable outcome rate in control group = 25% - based on pilot trials and relevant literature Favorable outcome in intervention group = 32% - judged to be the minimum clinically significant benefit (7% absolute difference) Estimated lost to follow-up = 3% For an 80% power and a 2-sided type I error rate of 0.05 N=1400 (700/group) Sample size re-estimation planned

22. SHINE Trial Eligibility – Inclusion Criteria Age ≥ 18 years Diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke - neuroimaging must exclude ICH Type II DM & glucose >110 mg/dL OR no diabetes & glucose ≥150 mg/dL Baseline NIHSS 3-22 Pre-stroke mRS of 0 if NIHSS 3-7; Pre-stroke mRS of 0-1 if NIHSS 8-22 Randomization w/in 12 hrs of stroke symptom onset Valid informed consent

23. SHINE Trial Eligibility - Exclusion Criteria Type I DM Condition confounding baseline neurological exam Neurological or psychiatric illness likely to confound primary outcome assessment at 90 days Any experimental therapy for enrollment stroke – standard care IV tPA within 4.5 hrs, IA tPA & IA therapies w/ FDA cleared devices allowed. Non FDA cleared devices excluded Inability to follow the protocol or return for 90 day f/u Serious conditions with unlikely 90 day survival Pregnancy or breast-feeding Any renal dialysis

24. SHINE Trial Pre-stroke mRS Tips

25. SHINE Trial Baseline NIHSS & SHINE Eligibility NIHSS must be 3-22 and assessed ≤30 minutes prior to randomization Prior stroke deficits must not confound the acute stroke deficits Intubated patients are “untestable” for dysarthria and could be enrolled only if the NIHSS was scored before intubation and ≤30 minutes prior to randomization

26. SHINE Trial Qualifying Blood Glucose & SHINE Eligibility Must be done at the enrolling hospital Must be a finger stick (capillary) blood Consider rechecking if close to qualifying level and time remains within the 12 hr window

27. SHINE Trial Blinding Strategy During acute treatment, single blind for patients/family All subjects receive study IV infusions and study SQ injections – some contain insulin & some contain saline placebo – only the clinical team members know which solutions contain insulin The primary & secondary outcomes are assessed by a blinded investigator resulting in a double blind outcome assessment

28. SHINE Trial Treatment Overview ~1400 hyperglycemic acute ischemic stroke patients Single blind acute treatment; double blind final outcome assessment 12 hr window from stroke symptom onset Treatment Groups – Insulin drip 80-130 mg/dL – SQ insulin 80-179 mg/dL Up to 72 hrs treatment Primary outcome - 90 day mRS - based on baseline stroke severity strata

29. SHINE Treatment Groups General Concepts Two groups: both glucose control, both get insulin All patients get IV drip & SQ injections (up to 4/day) Frequent glucose checks to avoid hypoglycemia All patients get 60 gram/meal carbohydrate diet All patients must be in unit that supports IV insulin Hypoglycemia prevention & management protocol (Hold IV infusions & SQ injections for BG<80, give D50, check BG q15 min) 72 hr treatment period (early d/c OK) Daily neuro & AE assessments All sites provided with 1-2 study laptops

30. SHINE Trial Control Group Target glucose: 80-179 mg/dL Glucose checks: q1-q3 hrs (+/- 15 min) IV infusion: normal saline (placebo) – 4-5 cc/hr SQ injections: human regular insulin per sliding scale, given only @ 6:00, 12:00, 18:00, & 24:00 Escalating doses of insulin per sliding scale if not in target, including a one-time dose of basal insulin @ 48 hrs in level 3 Laptop displays SQ insulin sliding scale dosing and hypoglycemia protocol

31. SHINE Trial Static Control Treatment Screen

32. SHINE Trial Control Group Possible Level Advances

33. SHINE Trial Intervention Group Target glucose: 80-130 mg/dL Glucose checks: q1-2 hrs (+/- 15 min) per GlucoStabilizer® IV infusion: human regular insulin – rate directed by GlucoStabilizer® program based on glucose levels SQ injections: – Normal saline (placebo) 0.05 cc @ 9:00 & 21:00 if NPO or on continuous tube feeds OR – Rapid acting analog insulin after meals

34. SHINE Trial Outcomes Primary efficacy: baseline stroke severity adjusted 90 day mRS (sliding dichotomy) Secondary efficacy: – 90 day NIHSS – 90 day Barthel Index – 90 day SSQOL (Stroke Specific Quality of Life) Primary safety: severe hypoglycemia (BG<40mg/dL)

35. SHINE Trial Centers and Leadership Karen C. Johnston, MD, MSc (UVA) – Administrative PI Askiel Bruno, MD, MS (GRU) – Protocol PI Christiana Hall, MD, MS (UTSW) – Recruitment PI William Barsan, MD (Univ of Michigan) NETT Clinical Coordinating Center PI Valerie Durkalski, PhD (MUSC) NETT Statistics and Data Management Center PI Clinical enrolling sites: – NETT network – 22 hub/spoke complexes – StrokeNet sites to be included – 11 ancillary sites

36. SHINE Trial Centers

37. SHINE Recruitment April 2012 – July 2014

38. Age (mean yrs)65 Men (%)56 Race (%): White African American Asian Other 68 27 2 3 Ethnicity (%): Non-Hispanic Hispanic Unspecified 84 14 2 Symptom onset to randomized (median)6 hrs 19 min SHINE Trial Data as of 6/3/2014 (N=381)

39. Baseline NIHSS (median) NIHSS strata (%) 3-7 8-14 15-22 8 48 30 22 Qualifying POC glucose (mg/dL)188 Pre-stroke diagnosed diabetes mellitus (%)77 Lacunar stroke subtype (%)23 IV tPA treated (%)60 All IA treated (%)11 SHINE Trial Data as of 6/3/2014 (N=381)

41. Hypoglycemia events: Subjects with any hypoglycemia (<70 mg/dL)(%) Subjects with any severe hypoglycemia (<40 mg/dL)(%) Subjects with neurological worsening for >24 hrs with glucose ≤55 mg/dL (%) Subjects with seizure related to glucose <70 mg/dL (%) 30 2.1 0 Mortality (%)8.9 SHINE Trial Data as of 6/3/2014 (N=381)

42. I-SPOT & SHINE Insights on Selected Procoagulation Markers and Outcomes in Stroke Trial - 1U01 NS079077 I-SPOT seeks to determine if intense BG control compared with standard BG treatment results in reductions in markers of blood coagulation Determine the relationships between blood glucose, markers of blood coagulation and thrombosis, and SHINE clinical outcomes Markers: – Whole blood Tissue Factor - PCA – Coagulation factors VII, VIIa, and VIII – Plasma TAT, Fragmin 1.2, D-dimer; – Tissue factor pathway inhibitor – Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1

43. I-SPOT & SHINE Insights on Selected Procoagulation Markers and Outcomes in Stroke Trial – 1U01 NS079077 I-SPOT is a multi-center study nested within the SHINE trial A subset of 315 patients enrolled in the SHINE trial will be enrolled in the I-SPOT study Baseline & 48-hr blood samples collected, spun, frozen, & batch sent to the main lab at Temple University

44. I-SPOT & SHINE Insights on Selected Procoagulation Markers and Outcomes in Stroke Trial – 1U01 NS079077 Inclusion: Must also be enrolled in the SHINE trial Exclusions: Thrombolytic treatments, e.g. IV or IA tPA Full anticoagulation, e.g. heparin, warfarin, etc. Moderate-severe hepatic insufficiency (INR>1.5, if known, or history of variceal bleeding, or hepatic encephalopathy) History of thrombotic or hypercoagulable condition: e.g. antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, antithrombin III, Protein C or S deficiencies, congenital/Inherited factor deficiencies, sickle cell disease.

45. I-SPOT & SHINE Insights on Selected Procoagulation Markers and Outcomes in Stroke Trial – 1U01 NS079077 Allowed interventions – SQ DVT prophylactic anticoagulation doses – Standard antiplatelet treatments