1. Genetics Big Question: How are traits passed from parents to offspring?

2. Genetics The study of heredity, how traits are passed from parent to offspring x = or

3. The study of heredity started with the work of Gregor Mendel and his pea plant garden Mendel was an Austrian Monk that lived in the mid 1800’s

4. Mendel noted that the size of pea plants varied. He cross-bred these pea plants to find some surprising results.

5. Mendel’s cross between tall pea plants yielded all tall pea plants. His cross between small pea plants yielded all small pea plants. Mendels’ cross between tall pea plants and small pea plants yielded all tall pea plants. X = x = X =

6. Mendel then crossed these second generation tall pea plants and ended up with 1 out 4 being small. x =

7. Mendel’s work led him to the understanding that traits such as plant height are determined by pairs of alleles. -Alleles are found on our chromosomes

9. DNA DNA resides in the nucleus of all cells Cell Nucleus DNA

10. DNA is found in all living cells –It controls all functions inside a cell –It stores all the genetic information for an entire living organism –Single cell like an amoeba –Multi cell like a human

11. DNA DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid Molecule made of nucleotides of 1. Deoxyribose (Sugar) 2. Phosphates 3. Combination of four nitrogen bases Either:a. Guanine b. Cytocine c. Thymine d. Adenine The sum total of combinations that these four bases are capable of creating are greater than all the stars visible in the night time sky

12. DNA Nitrogen bases pair up –Cytosine & Guanine –Thymine & Adenine Pairing creates a ladder shape Angle of bonds creates a twist Ladder and Twist produces the famous “Double Helix”

13. Genetics Small sections of DNA are responsible for a “trait”. These small sections are called “Genes”. –Gene - A segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait –Trait - A characteristic an organism can pass on to it’s offspring through DNA in sex cells. Gene

14. Genetics Hair color is a perfect example of a trait Prince Charming is blond Snow White has dark hair What color hair should their children have?

15. Genetics Traits are expressed in different ways: –Dominant - A trait that is always expressed and blocks others –Recessive - A trait that is only expressed when a dominant allele isn’t present –Incomplete dominance – A blending of the traits of both parents –Codominance-traits from both parents show up in the offspring.

16. Genetics Dominant and Recessive Traits A dominant trait will always mask a recessive trait. A “widows peak” is dominant, having a widows peak is recessive. If one parent contributes an allele for a widows peak, and the other parent doesn’t, the offspring will have a widows peak. Widows Peak

17. Genetics Punnet Square - A tool we use for predicting the traits of an offspring –Letters are used as symbols to designate alleles –Capital letters are used for dominant alleles –Lower case letters are used for recessive alleles –Alleles always exist in pairs

18. Genetics A Widows Peak, dominant, would be symbolized with a capital “W”, while no widows peak, recessive, would be symbolized with a lower case “w”. Father - No Widows Peak - w Mother - Has a Widows Peak - W

19. Genetics All organisms have two copies of each gene, one contributed by the father, the other contributed by the mother. Homozygous - Two of the same types of alleles WW or ww Heterozygous – Alleles are not the same. Ww

20. Genetics For the widows peak: WW - has a widows peak Homozygous dominant Ww - has a widows peak Heterozygous ww - no widows peak Homozygous recessive

21. Genetics Since Herman has no widows peak, he must be “ww”, since Lilly has a widows peak she could be either “WW” or “Ww” Definitely ww Homozygous recessive Either Ww Heterozygous or WW Homozygous dominant

22. Genetics We can use a “Punnet Square” to determine what pairs of genes Lilly has Wwww Wwww w w Ww Assume Lilly is heterozygous Ww Assume Herman is homoozygous recessive ww

23. Genetics Notice that when Lilly is crossed with Herman, we would predict that half the offspring would be “Ww”, the other half would be “ww” Half “Ww”, Heterozygous, and will have a widows peak Half “ww”, Homozygous, and will not have a widows peak Wwww Wwww w w Ww

24. Genetics Another possibility is that Lilly might be “WW”, homozygous dominant. Ww w w WW Assume Lilly is homozygous dominant WW Assume Herman is homozygous ww Ww Notice that all the offspring are heterozygous and will have a widows peak

25. Genetics So which is true? Is Lilly homozygous dominant (WW) or is she heterozygous (Ww)? Ww w w WW ww Wwww w w Ww

26. Genetics Ww w w WW ww Wwww w w Ww If Lilly were heterozygous, then 1 / 2 of their offspring should have a widows peak, 1 / 2 shouldn’t If Lilly were homozygous, all of their children will have a widows peak

27. Genetics So, back to the original question. What color hair will the offspring of Prince Charming and Snow White have?

28. Genetics Hair color is different from widows peak, no color is truly dominant—a result of polygenic inheritance. –Brown and blond are the two, true traits but there are variations of each shade of blond and brown. –Homozygous conditions produce either brown or blond hair

29. Genetics For Snow White to have brown hair she must be homozygous dominant, “BB”, a blond Prince Charmin must be homozygous recessive, “bb”. Bb b b BB