1. New Ideas and New Art
Chapter 17, Section 2, page 618

2. Chapter 17, Section 2 Objectives
After this lesson, students will be able to:
explain how humanists studied the Greeks and Romans, and the printing press spread humanist ideas.
describe how Renaissance art and ideas spread from Italy to Northern Europe.

3. Renaissance Humanism – page 619
humanism – the belief that the individual and human society are important
Petrarch – famous scholar of ancient Roman writers

4. Changes in Literature – page 620
use of Latin declined, replaced by the vernacular (the everyday language that people speak in an area)
Dante Alighieri – The Divine Comedy (story of the main character’s trip from heaven to hell)
Chaucer – The Canterbury Tales

5. The Printing Press Spread Ideas – page 620
Johannes Gutenburg – developed a printing press with movable metal type
books became more common = ideas spread more quickly
most works were religious in nature

6. How Did Humanism Affect Society? – page 621
curiosity
Leonardo da Vinci – (Italian) one of the best scientists and artists of the Renaissance
amazing mind who was truly ahead of his time

7. How Did Humanism Affect Society? – page 621

8. How Did Humanism Affect Society? – page 621

9. How Did Humanism Affect Society? – page 621

10. Artists in Renaissance Italy – page 623
religious works
perspective – method that makes a drawing or painting look three dimensional
chiaroscuro – artistic technique using light and shadows to soften edges

11. The Peak of the Renaissance – page 623
three most famous painters of the Renaissance:
Leonardo da Vinci
Michelangelo Buonarroti
Raphael Sanzio

12. The Peak of the Renaissance – page 623

13. The Peak of the Renaissance – page 623

14. The Peak of the Renaissance – page 623

15. The Peak of the Renaissance – page 623

16. The Peak of the Renaissance – page 623
William Shakespeare – English playwright who wrote comedies and tragedies
Julius Caesar
A Midsummer Night’s Dream
Romeo and Juliet
Hamlet
MacBeth

17. The Reformation Begins
Chapter 17, Section 3, page 633

18. Calls for Church Reform – page 634
the Reformation – movement to reform the Catholic Church; led to the creation of Protestantism
Why?
the Church’s focus on wealth (palaces and fine art)
nepotism among high-ranking Church officials
selling of indulgences (a pardon from the Church for a person’s sins)
more appropriately – the more complete payment of the debt owed to God
other reasons

19. The Church Upsets Reformers – page 634
the selling of indulgences
money needed to repair the church of St. Peter’s in Rome
payment depended on your station in life
Johann Tetzel

20. Who was Martin Luther? – page 635
Martin Luther – young monk who challenged the Roman Catholic Church
legend of his youth
internal religious conflict leads to intense prayer
problems: good works vs. faith, indulgences
Ninety-Five Theses on the church door
36. Every truly repentant Christian has a right to full remission of penalty and guilt, even without letters of pardon.
37. Every true Christian, whether living or dead, has part in all the blessings of Christ and the Church; and this is granted him by God, even without letters of pardon.

21. Who was Martin Luther? – page 635

22. Revolt Leads to New Churches – page 636
Church did not take Luther seriously at first
later Luther was excommunicated
creation of a new denomination (organized branch of Christianity) – Lutheranism (first Protestant denomination)
Lutheranism –
faith in Jesus, not good works, brings salvation
Bible is final source for truth about God
the church consists of all members (no pastoral mediation)

23. Peasant Revolts – page 636 abhorrent working conditions
following example?
Nobles brutally crushed peasant revolts of the 1520s.

24. Politics and Lutheranism – page 639
One reason Protestantism survived because some of Europe’s kings supported it to further their own agendas.
Holy Roman Empire (Charles V) vs. The German kingdoms (various princes)
some princes chose Lutheranism to undermine Charles V
Charles V couldn’t subdue them
Peace of Augsburg: choices

25. Calvin and Calvinism – page 640
John Calvin – founder of Calvinism
similarities to Lutheranism
belief in predestination – belief that the outcome of people’s lives are already determined by God
belief that people should choose their own church leaders

26. Catholics and Protestants
Chapter 17, Section 4, page 642

27. Objectives After this lesson, students will be able to:
explain how Catholics and Protestants fought each other.
explain how Henry VIII created a Protestant church in England.

28. Counter-Reformation – page 643
Counter-Reformation – Catholic attempt to convince people to return to the Catholic Church
Council of Trent
rules on the behavior of Church officials
establishment of a seminary – a special school for training and educating priests

29. Religious Wars in France – page 644
Catholics vs. Protestants
1562 – civil war erupts
Huguenots = French Protestants led by Henry of Navarre, head of the Bourbon family (Henry IV)
Henry IV agreed to become Catholic to rule France
Edict of Nantes = Catholicism was France’s official religion, but gave Huguenots freedom

30. What Was the Thirty Years’ War? – page 645
Thirty Years’ War – considered worst religious war of the Reformation era.
Holy Roman Empire
Protestant revolt in Bohemia
England, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands join in on the side of the Protestants; Spain and the H.R.E. for Catholics
Spain weakened; France empowered

31. The English Reformation – page 648
Henry VIII – married six queens, imprisoned and beheaded people, founded the Church of England (Anglican Church).
Henry and his first wife, Catherine of Aragon
no male heir
Henry vs. the Church
Henry made his own church
Henry and his women

32. Who Was Bloody Mary? – page 649
Edward VI
Mary I
Catholic
daughter of Catherine of Aragon
tried to return England to Catholicism – failed
Elizabeth I – Protestant queen who became one of the greatest rulers in English history