1. Final Exam Review After School Review 9 th Grade Global History and Geography Ms. Marten

2. Culture Culture—a way of life Cultural diffusion—sharing and spread of ideas, goods and inventions between groups Result of people having contact with each other ♦trade, warfare, diaspora

3. Geography Geography effects culture Rivers = highways for contact (trade) Barriers = mountains, oceans, rainforest, deserts ♦prevents cultural diffusion and causes isolation ♦protection from invasion

4. Paleolithic Age (2,000,000 B.C.- 10,000 B.C) Nomads—men and women were hunters and gathers with no permanent settlements Population was small ♦Usually 2-3 dozen

5. Neolithic Revolution (10,000 B.C.) Permanent Settlements New Technology Increase in Population More Complex Society New Cultural Developments Steady Food Source

6. I.All of theses civilizations were: 1. Located in river valleys 2. Dependent of fertile soil (silt) 3. Irrigated water from river (s) 4. Transportation and Trade

7. Tigris & Euphrates Mesopotamia/Sumerians Code of Hammurabi—first written laws (eye for an eye) Cuneiform—first writing Invented wheel, sail and plow Ziggurats I. Contributions: Irrigation

8. Egyptians/Nile Irrigation System Pyramids Pharaoh—Theocracy Hieroglyphics Polytheistic religion I. Contributions:

9. A.Skilled sailors used the seas as highways B. Trade was important to Greece because region lacked many resources ex., wood and precious metals Geography of Greece

10. Philosophy— “Fathers of Philosophy” 1. Socrates 2. Plato 3. Aristotle Government—DEMOCRACY—Athens Citizens = Adult free men ONLY! Greek Contributions

11. Hellenistic Culture: Greek culture mixed with Egyptian, Persian and Indian influences Alexander the Great

13. Roman Contributions Pax Romana—Golden Age: Law—Twelve Tables—written set of laws to unify them throughout the empire Architecture—arches and domes Engineering—roads, bridges and aqueducts

14. Decline and Fall of Roman Empire The empire was TOO BIG! Political—corruption and instability of government

15. Decline and Fall of Roman Empire ● Military—mercenaries and barbarian invasions, including the Huns

16. Byzantine Empire Eastern Portion of the Roman Empire Eastern Orthodox Church Spread ideas to Russia Justinian Code = Legal code

17. Mongols Genghis Khan united clans and created LARGEST empire in history Kublai Khan – created Yuan Dynasty in China -opened up trade with West -made Silk roads safe for travel

18. Travelers Marco Polo – trader who travelled to China and stayed to work with Kublai Khan Ibn Battuta – African Muslim who went on hajj to Mecca and traveled for the next 30 years *Both travelers who recorded their experiences PRIMARY SOURCES!!!

19. Latin America ● Aztecs and Incas: *Declined due to diseases (SMALLPOX!) and warfare with the Spanish Conquistors Hernando Cortez conquered the Aztecs Francisco Pizzaro conquered the Incas

20. Latin America Maya, Aztecs, Incas: *Adapted to their environment *Were complex societies *Were polytheistic

21. Early African Kingdoms Ghana, Mali, Songhai: *Controlled the Gold-Salt Trade across the Sahara *Culturally diffused Islam

22. Judaism Monotheistic Torah—holy text 10 Commandments-guidelines for living

23. Christianity Monotheistic Bible—Old and New Testament 10 Commandments—guidelines for living

24. Islam Monotheistic Koran—holy text 5 Pillars—guidelines for living Holy Site = Mecca (Ka’aba)

25. Hinduism Polytheistic Caste system—guidelines for living - *determines everything in a Hindu’s life Reincarnation & Karma

26. Buddhism Culturally diffused from India to Asia (China, Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia) Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path- guidelines for living *must give up selfish desire Reincarnation & Karma

27. Confucianism Confucius China Emphasized social order Stressed education and government Mandate of Heaven:

28. Taoism Lao-zi Chinese philosophy Stressed harmony with nature

29. Animism Mainly practiced in Africa Ancestor Worship Stressed importance of respect for nature Stressed importance of spirits in nature

30. Shintoism Japanese philosophy Stressed harmony with nature Ancestor Worship Most Japanese practice both Shintoism and Buddhism at the same time.

31. Medieval Europe (500-1500) lord provided fiefs (land) in exchange for loyalty and services of vassals (knights) LAND = MONEY $$$ decentralized government-NO strong central government

32. Medieval Europe-Feudalism Manors=Lord’s estate *self-sufficient economic units of the Middle Ages Every manor had a church

33. Feudalism—Japan and Europe No social mobility – Social classes were determined by birth Japan—merchants were viewed as having little social status

34. Feudalism—Japan and Europe Feudalism developed because there was no strong central government in Japan and Europe

35. Medieval Europe-Catholic Church CONTROLLED EVERYTHING! Unified people, gave them a sense of security and common bond (A church was found on every manor) Secular—the church was involved in secular (non-religious) matters

36. Medieval Europe-Catholic Church Gothic cathedrals—Stained glass, flying buttresses, vaults and pointed arches

37. Medieval Europe-Catholic Church Crusades—Holy Wars—In 1096, Pope Urban II called for knights to join war to win back Jerusalem from the Muslim Turks INCREASED TRADE BETWEEN EUROPE AND THE MIDDLE EAST!!

38. Black Death/Bubonic Plague 1. Killed 1/3 of population (25 million people) 2. Caused loss of faith in Catholic Church and decrease in power of the pope

39. Renaissance (1350-1650) Rebirth in art and learning in Europe Return to Classical Art = Greek and Roman style = lifelike and realistic

40. Renaissance (1350-1650) Humanism—new philosophy which focused on the individual uniqueness and achievement *People began to question traditional authority (Catholic Church) *Decreases power of church

41. Renaissance (1350-1650) Johann Gutenberg—invented the printing press—helped: ideas spread quickly: cultural diffusion decreased price of books encouraged people to become literate helps spread of ideas of Renaissance, Reformation, Age of Exploration

42. Protestant Reformation (1517) Martin Luther- wanted to reform the Catholic Church- posted 95 Theses – formal complaints about the Catholic Church

43. Protestant Reformation Results: 1. End of religious unity in Europe forever 2. Religious wars (Spanish Armada) 3. Growth in power of kings (Henry VIII)

44. Protestant Reformation Results (con’t): 4. Counter-Reformation— Catholic Church’s reaction to Reformation: *Jesuits—Ignatius of Loyola *Council of Trent *Inquisition

45. Age of Exploration Causes: 1. Desire for Eastern goods 2. Search for all water route to the East due to Ottoman Empire. 3. New navigational skills & instruments- maps, compass and astrolabe

46. Colombian Exchange Transfer of animal, plants and diseases between the Eastern and Western Hemisphere after Columbus reached the Americas

47. Slave Trade 11 million Africans were brought to the colonies in the Americas *Destroyed the stability of some African kingdoms

48. Mercantilism Colonies provide the mother country with raw materials, gold, and silver. Favorable balance of trade- mother country exports more than she imports

50. Age of Absolutism (1500-1800) Monarchs sought to centralize their power in their nations. Claimed all the power in their nations rested in their hands. Divine Right- monarch got his power from God ♦Used Divine right to JUSTIFY their power

51. Enlightenment (1500-1800) Enlightenment thinkers: 1. Locke-natural rights – life, liberty, property/government by the consent of the governed 2. Rousseau-equality/government chosen by the majority 3. Voltaire-freedom of speech 4. Montesquieu-separation of powers