1. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC1 CSCE 110 PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS WITH C++ Prof. Amr Goneid AUC Part 14. User Defined Classes

2. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC2 User Defined Classes

3. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC3 User Defined Classes OOP & Classes Data Encapsulation, Classes and objects Class Definition: Private & Public Members Constructors & Destructors Data and Function Members Accessors & Mutators Polymorphism and Overloading Example: Rational Numbers Class Example: Simple String Class

4. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC4 1. OOP and Classes Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) focuses on creating ADT’s called “Classes” that identify “objects” and how they work together. A class contains “data members” + “function members” in one object. A member function tells an object to “operate on itself” in some way. Objects are “self-contained”, carrying their own operations.

5. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC5 2. Data Encapsulation, Classes and Objects A Class of objects is a user-defined Abstract Data Type (ADT) An object is an instance of the class Once a class is defined, an object can be declared to be of that type. For example, we have encountered the string class before. Since it has been defined, we can declare: string message; So, now message is an object of that class Classes can be used by more than one program.

6. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC6 Sharing Classes Class Program Standard ClassesUser Classes

7. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC7 Classes & Encapsulation C++ classes are similar to structs, with the main difference being that classes can have member functions, or methods, as well as variables, or data members in their definitions. Combining data and operations (methods) together in an object is called encapsulation. An object of a class can operate on itself by the methods or member functions of that class. e.g., an object of class string can operate by:.find.length.at.erase etc

8. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC8 3. Class Definition: Private & Public Members  Classes use the technique of information hiding to avoid incorrect use of the class. This is done by creating two areas: a public area, and a private area public: Member Functions private: Data members Outside World

9. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC9 Private & Public Members External world has no access to the private area. Users are allowed to operate on the objects of the class only via public member functions. All member functions of a class have automatic access to all of the data members of that class. Once we make a member variable a private member variable, there is then no way to change its value except by using one of the member functions.

10. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC10 Class Definition A class definition contains only the prototype for its member functions and the definitions of the data members. It is declared in a class header file (.h) The implementations for the member functions are given elsewhere, in a class implementation file (.cpp) not in the header file. These two files form the Class Library.

11. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC11 class ClassName { public: function prototypes of methods and data members that are public and can be used by statements outside the class definition. private: prototypes of functions and type definitions and variable declarations of data members that are private and can be used only by statements inside the class definition. }; // a semicolon must appear here General Format of a Class Declaration (in Header File)

12. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC12 The name of the header file is the class name followed by “.h “, e.g. ClassName.h The name of the implementation file matches that of the header file with an extension of “.cpp”, e.g. ClassName.cpp Application programs using the class are called “client programs”. These programs must include: #include “ClassName.h” #include “Classname.cpp” Class Library Files

13. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC13 Two special functions in the public part with the same name as the class: The constructor is used to create and initialize objects declared to be of that class There could be more than one constructor to allow for different ways of initializing objects. The destructor is used to remove the objects (specially when the data is allocated dynamically). Only one destructor is allowed. 4. Constructors and Destructors

14. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC14 //File: Time.h Time Class Header File #ifndef TIME_H// used to avoid multiple definitions #define TIME_H// not part of the class class Time { public: Time(); // constructor, a must ~Time(); // destructor // Function prototypes void setTime (int, int, int); void displayTime (); const private: int hour, minute, second; }; // a semicolon must appear here #endif // TIME_H #include “Time.cpp" 5. Data & Function Members: Example Header File Function cannot change private members

15. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC15 Implementing Member Functions A member function is implemented in the implementation file (.cpp). The format is: :: (param list) {..function body..} The Scope resolution operator: :: prefix for each member function Informs the compiler that the function is a member of the class

16. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC16 Example Implementation File //File: Time.cpp Time Class Implementation File #include using namespace std; Time :: Time() {hour = minute = second = 0; } Time::~Time() { }// do nothing void Time :: setTime(int h, int m, int s) { hour = (h >= 0 && h < 24) ? h : 0; minute = (m >= 0 && m < 60) ? m : 0; second = (s >= 0 && s < 60) ? s : 0; } void Time :: displayTime() const { cout << hour << “:“ << minute << “:“ << second << endl; }

17. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC17 Objects Object: a particular instance of the class. To declare an object in a client program: The same way we declare a variable but with the type = class name, e.g. Time t1; Time T[20]; This will also invoke the constructor. The Dot Operator allows an object to access its public members, e.g. t1.displayTime();

18. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC18 Example of Application (Client) File //File: TimeAppl.cpp Time Class Application File #include “Time.h“ #include using namespace std; int main() { Time t1, t2; cout << “Start Time is: “; t1.displayTime ( ); t2.setTime (5, 10, 30); cout << “End Time is: “;t2.displayTime ( ); return 0; }

19. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC19 Remarks Every class should have a default constructor (without parameters). The default constructor may also be implemented as: Time ::Time( ) : hour(0), minute(0), second(0) { } When used in the application program as: Time t1; then t1.hour, t1.minute and t1.second will be set initially to zero member initializers

20. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC20 Remarks An explicit value constructor may also be added and defined as: Time( int, int, int); and is implemented as: Time :: Time( int h, int m, int s) { hour = h; minute = m; second = s; } We can use it in the application to initialize an object: Time t1(7,45,0); const functions cannot modify private data members

21. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC21 6. Accessors and Mutators It is possible to extract a private data member using an accessor function. For example, to access “hour”: int getHour( ) const; // Prototype int Time::getHour( ) const// function definition {return hour; } Time t1; int h = t1.getHour( );// invoking the function A mutator member function (like setTime( )) will be able to change the private data members.

22. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC22 7. Polymorphism & Overloading Defining several functions with the same name is called function overloading The presence of more than one constructor for the class is an example of function overloading. Polymorphism is what allows functions with the same name to do different things based on its arguments

23. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC23 8. Example: ADT rational Abstraction: A rational number (fraction) is a rational representation of two integers (x,y). Elements or Members: A numerator (x) and a denominator (y), both are integers. (y) cannot be zero Relationship: The representation is equivalent to x / y

24. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC24 ADT rational (continued) Fundamental Operations: Read a fraction from keyboard Display a fraction on the screen Add Fractionsf = f1 + f2 (e.g. ½ + ¼ = ¾) Subtract Fractionsf = f1 – f2 (e.g. ½ - 1/3 = 1/6) Multiply Fractionsf = f1 * f2 (e.g. ½ * ¾ = 3/8 ) Divide Fractionsf = f1 / f2 (e.g. 1/5 / ¼ = 4/5 ) Reduce Fractions (e.g. 2/6 = 1/3)

25. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC25 Implementing a rational Class We will have 3 files: “rational.h” to contain the class definition. “rational.cpp” to contain the implementation of the member functions. “RationalTest.cpp” an application file to test the class.

26. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC26 The Header File: rational.h // File: rational.h // Rational class definition #ifndef RATIONAL_H// used to avoid multiple definitions #define RATIONAL_H// not part of the class class rational { public: // Member functions // Constructors rational();// Default Constructor rational(int);// Initialize numerator with denom = 1 rational(int, int);// Initialize both numerator and denom.

27. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC27 The Header File: rational.h (cont.) void setNum(int);// Set numerator and denominator void setDenom(int); rational multiply(const rational &f);// Multiply fractions rational divide(const rational &f);// Divide fractions rational add(const rational &f);// Add Fractions rational subtract(const rational &f);// Subtract Fractions void readRational();// Read a fraction void displayRational() const;// Display a fraction rational reduce() const;// Reduce fraction // Accessors int getNum() const; int getDenom() const;

28. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC28 The Header File: rational.h (cont.) // Operator Style // Add object to parameter rational operator + (const rational &); // Test equality of object and parameter bool operator == (const rational &); private: // Data members (attributes) int num;// private data field int denom;// private data field };// Note -- a class definition MUST end with a semicolon #endif // RATIONAL_H #include "rational.cpp"

29. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC29 The Implementation File: rational.cpp // File: Rational.cpp // Rational class implementation #include using namespace std; // Member functions // Constructors rational::rational()// Default Costructor { num = 0; denom = 0; } rational::rational(int n)// Class Constructor { num = n; denom = 1; } rational::rational(int n, int d)// Class Constructor { num = n; denom = d; }

30. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC30 The Implementation File: rational.cpp // Set numerator and denominator void rational::setNum(int n) { num = n; } void rational::setDenom(int d) { denom = d; } // Multiply fractions rational rational::multiply(const rational &f) { rational temp(num * f.num, denom * f.denom); return temp; } // Divide fractions rational rational::divide(const rational &f) { rational temp(num * f.denom, denom * f.num); return temp; }

31. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC31 The Implementation File: rational.cpp // Add fractions rational rational::add(const rational &f) { rational temp(num * f.denom + f.num * denom, denom * f.denom); return temp; } // Subtract Fractions rational rational::subtract(const rational &f) { rational temp(num * f.denom - f.num * denom, denom * f.denom); return temp; }

32. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC32 The Implementation File: rational.cpp // Read a fraction void rational::readRational() { char slash; // storage for / do { cout << "Enter numerator / denominator: "; cin >> num >> slash >> denom; } while (slash != '/'); } // Display a fraction void rational::displayRational() const { cout << num << '/' << denom; }

33. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC33 The Implementation File: rational.cpp // Reduce rational rational rational::reduce() const { int n,m,rem,gcd; // Get the two integers n = abs(num); m = abs(denom); while (n > 0) { rem = m % n; m = n; n = rem; } gcd = m; rational g (num/gcd, denom/gcd); return g; }

34. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC34 The Implementation File: rational.cpp // Accessors int rational::getNum() const { return num; } int rational::getDenom() const { return denom; } // Operator-Like rational rational::operator + (const rational &f2) { rational temp (num * f2.denom + f2.num * denom, denom * f2.denom); return temp; } bool rational::operator == (const rational &f) { return (num == f.num && denom == f.denom); }

35. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC35 Remarks It is possible to create a temporary class object within a member function and initialize it using a constructor, e.g. rational rational::multiply(const rational &f) { rational temp (num * f.num, denom * f.denom); return temp; } A regular C++ operator can be “overloaded” to perform a different action on class objects. A member function can be defined to do this. If  is an operator, the prototype will be: operator  (parameter); e.g. bool operator == (const rational &);

36. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC36 Remarks The definition will be: ::operator  (parameter); e.g. bool rational::operator == (const rational &f) { return (num == f.num && denom == f.denom); } For example: rational a, b; An expression of the form (a == b) will be evaluated as: (a.num == b.num) && (a.denom == b.denom)

37. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC37 The Application File: RationalTest.cpp // File: RationalTest.cpp // Tests the rational class #include #include "rational.h“ using namespace std; int main() { rational f1, f2; rational f3; // Read two rational numbers cout << "Enter 1st fraction:" << endl; f1.readRational(); cout << "Enter 2nd fraction:" << endl; f2.readRational();

38. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC38 The Application File: RationalTest.cpp // Fraction Arithmetic f3 = f1.multiply(f2); f1.displayRational(); cout << " * "; f2.displayRational(); cout << " = "; f3.displayRational(); cout << " = "; f3 = f3.reduce(); f3.displayRational(); cout << endl; f3 = f1.divide(f2); f1.displayRational(); cout << " / "; f2.displayRational(); cout << " = "; f3.displayRational(); cout << " = ";f3 = f3.reduce(); f3.displayRational(); cout << endl;

39. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC39 The Application File: RationalTest.cpp f3 = f1.add(f2); f1.displayRational(); cout << " + "; f2.displayRational(); cout << " = "; f3.displayRational(); cout << " = ";f3 = f3.reduce(); f3.displayRational(); cout << endl; f3 = f1 + f2;// uses operator “+” for addition f1.displayRational(); cout << " + "; f2.displayRational(); cout << " = "; f3.displayRational(); cout << " = ";f3 = f3.reduce(); f3.displayRational(); cout << endl;

40. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC40 The Application File: RationalTest.cpp f3 = f1.subtract(f2); f1.displayRational(); cout << " - "; f2.displayRational(); cout << " = "; f3.displayRational(); cout << " = "; f3 = f3.reduce(); f3.displayRational(); cout << endl; return 0; }

41. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC41 Sample Run of RationalTest.cpp Enter 1st fraction: Enter numerator / denominator: 2/6 Enter 2nd fraction: Enter numerator / denominator: 3/8 2/6 * 3/8 = 6/48 = 1/8 2/6 / 3/8 = 16/18 = 8/9 2/6 + 3/8 = 34/48 = 17/24 2/6 - 3/8 = -2/48 = -1/24 Press any key to continue

42. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC42 9. Example: Simple String Class Here we build a simple string class to do few tasks on our own string objects, e.g. read, write, get the character at a given location, etc. We implement the string as a dynamic array of characters. We will have 3 files: “simpleString.h” to contain the class definition. “simpleString.cpp” to contain the implementation of the member functions. “simpleStringTest.cpp” an application file to test the class.

43. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC43 The Header File: simpleString.h // File simpleString.h // Simple string class definition #ifndef SIMPLESTRING_H #define SIMPLESTRING_H class simpleString { public: // Member Functions // Constructors simpleString(); simpleString(int ); // Destructor ~simpleString();

44. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC44 The Header File: simpleString.h // Function Prototype definition // Read a simple string void readString(); // Display a simple string void writeString() const; // Retrieve the character at a specified position // Returns the character \0 if position is out of bounds char at(int) const; // Return the string length int getLength() const; // Return the string capacity int getCapacity() const; // Get the contents into an array void getContents(char[ ]) const;

45. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC45 The Header File: simpleString.h private: // Data members (attributes) // maximum size int capacity; // pointer to a dynamic storage array char *s; // current length int length; }; #endif //SIMPLESTRING_H #include "simpleString.cpp"

46. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC46 The Implementation File: simpleString.cpp // File: simplestring.cpp // Simple string class implementation #include using namespace std; // Member Functions... // default constructor, capacity = 255 simpleString::simpleString() { s = new char[255]; capacity = 255; length = 0; } // Constructor with argument, capacity is mVal simpleString::simpleString(int mVal) { s = new char [mVal]; capacity = mVal; length = 0;} // Class Destructor simpleString::~simpleString() { delete [ ] s;}

47. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC47 The Implementation File: simpleString.cpp // Read a simple string void simpleString::readString() { char next; int pos = 0; cin.get(next); while ((next != '\n') && (pos < capacity)) { // Insert next in array contents s[pos] = next; pos++; cin.get(next); } length = pos; }

48. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC48 The Implementation File: simpleString.cpp // Write a simple string void simpleString::writeString() const { for (int pos = 0; pos < length; pos++) cout << s[pos]; } // Character at (pos). Returns \0 if position is out of bounds char simpleString::at(int pos) const { const char nullcharacter = '\0'; if ((pos = length)) { cerr << "position " <<pos << " not defined." << endl; return nullcharacter; } else return s[pos]; }

49. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC49 The Implementation File: simpleString.cpp // Return the string length int simpleString::getLength() const { return length; } // Return the string capacity int simpleString::getCapacity() const { return capacity; } // Get the contents into an array void simpleString::getContents(char str[ ]) const { for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) str[i] = s[i]; }

50. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC50 The Application File: simpleStringTest.cpp // File: simpleStringTest.cpp // Tests the simple string class #include "simpleString.h“ #include using namespace std; int main() { simpleString S1; simpleString S2(20); cout << S1.getCapacity() <<" "<<S1.getLength() << endl; cout << S2.getCapacity() <<" "<<S2.getLength() << endl;

51. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC51 The Application File: simpleStringTest.cpp // Read in a string. cout << "Enter a string and press RETURN: "; S1.readString(); // Display the string just read. cout << "The string read was: "; S1.writeString(); cout << endl; // Display each character on a separate line. cout << "The characters in the string follow:" << endl; for (int pos = 0; pos < S1.getLength(); pos++) cout << S1.at(pos) << endl; return 0; }

52. Prof. amr Goneid, AUC52 Sample Run of simpleStringTest.cpp 255 0 20 0 Enter a string and press RETURN: User Classes The string read was: User Classes The characters in the string follow: U s e r C l a s e s Press any key to continue