1. EGYPT UNDER THE PHAROAHS APAH – GARDINER CHAPTER 3-2 PP. 59-64

2. THE OLD KINGDOM 2575-2134 BCE  The fist of three great period of Egyptian history Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom  Djoser and the Third Dynasty are included in the Old Kingdom

3. THE GREAT PYRAMIDS OF GIZEH  Greatest architectural achievement of the Old Kingdom  One of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world  Three pyramids built over 75 years  Tombs of the Fourth Dynasty pharaohs – Khufu, Khafre, Menkaure  Culmination of evolution of mastabas

4. GREAT PYRAMIDS 2500 BCE, GIZEH, EGYPT  Giant monuments to dead pharaohs  Each had an enjoining mortuary temple  Huge pile of limestone blocks -> minimal interior for deceased  Pharaoh buried within the pyramid  Each side oriented toward a point on the compass  Symbolize the sun

5. BUILDING THE GREAT PYRAMIDS  Limestone quarried from the Gizeh plateau  Roughly equal sized blocks transported to the building site and dressed  ASHLAR MASONRY = cut and regularly shaped blocks piled in successive rows  Great rubble ramps piled against the core of pyramid -> linear ramps? Zigzag or spiral ramps?  Outer layered cased in white limestone blocks

6. THE GREAT SPHINX 2500 BCE, GIZEH  May be a portrait of Khafre -> it sits in front of his pyramid  Carved IN SITU from a huge spur of rock  SPHINX = lion with human head -> symbol of the sun god  Originally brightly painted to stand out in the desert

7. KHAFRE ENTHRONED 2500 BCE  Primary material for funerary statuary was stone  Seated statue of Khafre  Carved from diorite  Wears a simple kilt, sits rigidly upright on throne with interlocking lotus and papyrus plants at base-> united Egypt  Idealized features and body  Flawless, perfect, ageless ideal proportions = the divine nature of the Pharaoh  Pose is frontal, rigid, symmetrical -> eternal stillness

8. MENKAURE AND KHAMERERNEBTY 2490-2472 BCE  Double portrait stone sculpture of the Pharaoh Menkaure and his wife  Figures attached to stone, arms and legs not cut free -> high relief  Pose is rigidly frontal, arms hanging straight down, close to well built body, in stride -> symbolize kingship  She is in similar pose, one arm around him, left gently on his arm  Looking out into space -> timelessness

9. SEATED SCRIBE 2500 BCE  Painted limestone  Not a pharaoh -> sagging chest, protruding belly -> signs of aging  Lifelike, but not a portrait -> composite image of a scribe  Rule of portraiture -> as a human subject’s importance decreases, formality is relaxed and realism is increased

10. TOMB OF TI, SAQQARA  TI WATCHING THE HIPPOPOTAMUS HUNT, 2400 BCE  Painted relief in the mastaba of Ti, a govt. official  Successful hunt was a metaphor for triumph over evil  Ti stands aloof and above the hunters -> shows status  Hierarchy of scale  Twisted perspective  CANON = system of proportions to the human figure -> strictly followed