1. Constitutional Underpinnings
What is politics?

2. Word Association
What words come to mind when you hear the word “politics”?
Does the word have a more positive or negative connotation?

3. Machiavelli
Machiavelli’s name is synonymous with tough and dirty politics
Author of The Prince. One of history’s first political scientists.

4. Machiavelli Quotes “The ends justify the means.”
“It is better to be feared than loved.”
“By no means can a prudent ruler keep his word. Because all men are bad and do not keep promises to you, you likewise do not have to keep your promises to them.”

5. Can we be hopeful about politics?
Forward
“I know what it takes”

6. A neutral view of politics
Harold D. Lasswell
Who gets what, when, and how. (and where)
All of us are political, we’re just not used to calling it that. You don’t have to take a class to get politics. Aristotle was correct when he wrote, “Man is by nature a political animal.”

7. State of Nature game
Why were teams successful? Was it strategy or an unfair advantage?
How would the outcome be different if teams were not allowed to attack, only invest?

8. Social Contract Theory
“The only valid government is one based on the consent of the governed.” - Locke
Rulers and citizens enter into an agreement, or a social contract
Government by the people, masses

9. Locke’s influence on the US
“A state also of equality, wherein all the power and jurisdiction is reciprocal, no one having more than another… - John Locke, of Civil Government
“We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created equal.” Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence

10. Political Power
Power – ability of one person to cause another person to act in accordance
Authority – right to use power
Legitimacy – what makes the law or leader a source of “right”

11. What makes a Democracy? Principles necessary for a democracy to exist.
Universal suffrage (everyone vote)
Political Equality (all votes counted equally)
Majority Rule
Government responds to public opinion

12. Can uneducated/poor people be trusted?
Direct Democracy – citizens create/vote on laws
Problems
1. Impractical for reasons of time, expertise
How do you get 300 million people to vote multiple times per day on issues they no nothing about?
2. Masses of people make unwise decisions based on emotions (Hitler was elected)
“The masses are turbulent and changing and seldom judge or determine right.” -Alexander Hamilton
People can be like a Willow tree swaying in the wind

13. Representative Democracy (Republic)
Citizens elect representatives
Gov’t MEDIATES popular views
“Will of the people” ≠ “Common interest”
EX. Lower gas prices, minority rights
Reps are educated on issues at hand
Prevents fast, sweeping change
Minority rights more likely to be protected

14. Theories explaining how democracies ACTUALLY function
Majoritarian Theory
= leaders are forced to follow the wishes of the people because majority rules
2. Pluralist Theory
= groups compete and compromise with each other to get the gov’t to do what they want
3. Elite Theory
= groups or people who possess the most more power (money or influence) dominate gov’t
4. Bureaucratic Theory
= appointed officials dominate the gov’t through unelected jobs

15. Democracy Theory Test What theory is supported by the fact that…
The US holds mainly elections where the person who receives the most votes wins.
Most US representatives are upper class people.
The President appoints hundreds of people for gov’t jobs or judgeships, all have special powers.
Interest groups spend millions of dollars toward campaigns of favored candidates.
Gov’t can call for referendums, or votes by the people to pass or strike down potential laws.
The candidate who raises the most money for an election almost always wins.

16. Pluralism
Modern society consists of many groups (ex. Economic, religious, cultural, ethnic.) that compete with each other to achieve goals
Groups that influence gov’t, work hard, and have largest membership get what they want
Even if the average citizen does not keep up with politics, their interests will be protected by their group.
Groups must COMPROMISE to achieve goals

17. Arguments for and against the Pluralist view
Relatively low numbers of people join interest groups.
Poor citizens have less opportunity to join interest groups or contribute to them.
One can’t assume that group decisions are always in the best interest of the nation.
There is no unified majority in the US that always acts together.
Gov’t leaders must please groups to gain votes and money to be reelected.
Groups must compete for gov’t services and favorable laws.

18. Marxist Theory (Elite)
Control the economic system = control the political system.
Politicians require massive funding to win elections, and rely on corporations to supply them.

19. A Reminder…
These are only theories. They are people’s perception of our democracy and the way it functions.
Which theory is correct???
Pluralist – most popular today
Majoritarian – popular pre-1950’s
Elite – rising since the 80’s (Michael Moore)
Bureaucratic – gov’t spending more than ever before just to run itself