1. Extension Methods Programming in C# Extension Methods CSE 459.24 Prof. Roger Crawfis

2. Extension Methods Can add methods to other classes Let me repeat that: Can add methods to other classes any methods (although they look static) only from static classes When you import a namespace that has extensions, these are added to classes once imported, called as usual instance methods Local methods take precedence

3. Extension Methods public static class Extensions { public static int ToInt32(this string integerString) { return Int32.Parse(integerString); } public static T[] Slice (this T[] source, int startIndex, int count) { if (startIndex < 0 || count < 0 || (source.Length - startIndex) < count) throw new InvalidArgumentException(); T[] result = new T[count]; Array.Copy(source, startIndex, result, 0, count); return result; }

4. Extension Methods Properties, events and operators can not have extension methods. Equivalent to calling the static method Can only access public methods, etc. Allows for chaining method calls. More later when we talk about LINQ.

5. Extension Method Example public static class MyExtensions { public static IEnumerable SkipLast (this IEnumerable source, int count) { Queue saveList = new Queue (); int saved = 0; foreach (T item in source) { if (saved < count) { saveList.Enqueue(item); ++saved; continue; } saveList.Enqueue(item); yield return saveList.Dequeue(); } yield break; } http://blogs.msdn.com/ericwhite/archive/2008/11/14/the-skiplast-extension-method.aspx

6. Extension Method Example class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { int[] a = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; var b = a.SkipLast(2); foreach (var item in b) Console.WriteLine(item); var c = new List () { "one", "two", "three", "four", "five" }; var d = c.Skip(1).SkipLast(1); foreach (var e in d) Console.WriteLine(e); } 1 2 3 two three four 1 2 3 two three four

7. Extension Methods Programming in C# Extension Methods CSE 494R (proposed course for 459 Programming in C#) Prof. Roger Crawfis

8. Types - Misc Programming in C# Types - Misc CSE 494R (proposed course for 459 Programming in C#) Prof. Roger Crawfis

9. Initializers We already know how to initialize basic types: int index = 0; string message = “Save the Cheerleader”; And complex types using constructors: Person paul = new Person(“Paul”, “Newman”); IList words = new List (35); Can also use initializers to set properties and initialize collections.

10. Initializers Can initialize fields or properties. new C(1, 2) {Name=“my class”}; Works if public field or a property with public set Point a = new Point { X = 0, Y = 1 }; Can be nested (eg. Rectangle with two Points) Collection initializers List digits = new List { 0, 1}; Must implement System.Generic.ICollection

11. Initializers Example public class Student{ public string firstName; public string lastName; } public class ScienceClass{ public Student Student1, Student2, Student3; } static void Main(string[] args){ var student1 = new Student { firstName = "Bruce", lastName = "Willis“ }; var student2 = new Student { firstName = "George", lastName = "Clooney"}; var student3 = new Student { firstName = "James", lastName = "Cameron“ }; var sClass = new ScienceClass { Student1 = student1, Student2 = student2, Student3 = student3 }; }

12. Initializers Example // Using a Constructor Person p = new Person("John", "Doe", "602-123-1234"); // Using Properties and an initializer Person p = new Person() { FirstName="John", LastName="Doe", Phone="602-123-1234", City="Phoenix"}; // Adding a composite type Person p = new Person() { FirstName = "John", LastName = "Doe", Address = new Address() { Street = "1234 St.", City = "Phoenix“ } };

13. Implicitly Typed Variables Type of the variable induced from expression Must include an initializer Can not be null. var i = 5; var s = "Hello"; var d = 1.0; // Did you really mean a double? var orders = new Dictionary (); var a = new Point { X = 0, Y = 1 };

14. Implicitly Typed Variables Implicitly typed arrays var a = new[ ] { 1, 10, 100, 1000 }; Must have consistent types or have implicit conversions

15. Anonymous Types var x = new {p1 = 10, p2 = “name”}; x is an anonymous type An anonymous type can not be referred to by name in a program. Structural type equivalence Two anonymous types can be compatible Why in the world would we want these? Again, needed/useful for LINQ.

16. Anonymous Types Example protected object AnonymousTypes() { // *** Create Complex Types 'on the fly‘ var Customer = new { Company = "West Wind", Name = "Rick", Entered = DateTime.Now, BillRate = 150M, Contacts = new { Phone = "808 121-1211", Fax = "808 231-1211", Email = rick@west-wind.comrick@west-wind.com } }; return Customer; } http://www.west-wind.com/weblog/posts/189329.aspx

17. Types - Misc Programming in C# Types - Misc CSE 494R (proposed course for 459 Programming in C#) Prof. Roger Crawfis

18. Anonymous Methods Programming in C# Anonymous Methods CSE 494R (proposed course for 459 Programming in C#) Prof. Roger Crawfis

19. Anonymous Method Example Becomes quite cumbersome to create little methods for each specialization. These methods are only used in one context. The use and declaration are disjoint. Would be nice to have the declaration in-line. personList.RemoveAll( delegate(Person person) { return person.DateOfBirth.Year < 1980; });

20. Anonymous Methods Delegates are clumsy: programmer has to name the function and “closure-convert” by hand C# 2.0 introduced anonymous methods No name Compiler does closure-conversion, creating a class and object that captures the environment e.g. bool b = xs.Exists(delegate(int x) { return x > y; }); Local y is free in body of anonymous method

21. Anonymous Methods Further simplification Button button = new Button(); Button.Click += delegate (object sender, EventArgs arg) { Console.WriteLine("clicked"); }; Can be simplified as follows Button.Click += delegate { Console.WriteLine("clicked"); }; Formal parameters can be omitted if they are not used in the method body delegate void EventHandler (object sender, EventArgs arg);

22. Outer Variables If anonymous methods access variables of the enclosing method, these variables are evacuated into a dummy object (capturing) The anonymous method and the enclosing method itself are then using a single evacuated variable delegate int Adder(); static Adder CreateAdder() { int x = 0; return delegate { x++; return x; }; } public static void Main() { Adder add = CreateAdder(); Console.WriteLine(add()); add = CreateAdder(); Console.WriteLine(add()); } 1 2 3 1 2 3 Output: x++; return x; 0 dummy object delegate add 123 The dummy object lives as long as the delegate object

23. Anonymous Method Example delegate void MyDelegate(); class Program { static MyDelegate Foo() { int x = 1; Console.WriteLine("Foo: x = {0}", x); MyDelegate d = delegate { x++; Console.WriteLine("delegate: x = {0}", x); }; d(); d(); Console.WriteLine("Foo: x = {0}", x); MyDelegate d2 = delegate { x += 10; Console.WriteLine("second delegate: x = {0}", x); }; d2(); d(); Console.WriteLine("Foo: x = {0}", x); return d2; } --- Main: Foo()(); Foo: x = 1 delegate: x = 2 delegate: x = 3 Foo: x = 3 second delegate: x = 13 delegate: x = 14 Foo: x = 14 second delegate: x = 24 --- Main: Foo()(); Foo: x = 1 delegate: x = 2 delegate: x = 3 Foo: x = 3 second delegate: x = 13 delegate: x = 14 Foo: x = 14 second delegate: x = 24 static void Main(string[] args) { Console.WriteLine("--- Main: Foo()();"); Foo()(); Console.WriteLine("--- Main: Foo()();"); Foo()(); } static void Main(string[] args) { Console.WriteLine("--- Main: Foo()();"); Foo()(); Console.WriteLine("--- Main: Foo()();"); Foo()(); } }

24. Anonymous Methods Programming in C# Anonymous Methods CSE 494R (proposed course for 459 Programming in C#) Prof. Roger Crawfis

25. Lambda Expressions Programming in C# Lambda Expressions CSE 494R (proposed course for 459 Programming in C#) Prof. Roger Crawfis

26. Lambda Expressions Generalized function syntax x. x + 1 in C# 3.0, have x => x + 1 From anonymous delegate syntax: delegate(int x) { return x + 1;} Can have implicitly typed variables Can have more than one variable Can have expression or statement body

27. Lambda Expressions Expression or statement body Implicitly or explicitly typed parameters Examples: x => x + 1 // Implicitly typed, expression body x => { return x + 1; } // Implicitly typed, statement body (int x) => x + 1 // Explicitly typed, expression body (int x) => { return x + 1; } // Explicitly typed, statement body (x, y) => x * y // Multiple parameters () => Console.WriteLine() // No parameters personList.RemoveAll(p => p.DateOfBirth.Year < 1980);

28. Lambda Expressions Lambda expressions participate in inference process of type arguments of generic methods In initial phase, nothing is inferred from arguments that are lambda expressions Following the initial phase, additional inferences are made from lambda expressions using an iterative process

29. Lambda Expressions Type inference public static IEnumerable Select ( this IEnumerable source, Func selector) { foreach (T element in source) yield return selector(element); } If call Select(customers, c => c.Name); T, S mapped to appropriate types

30. Lambda Expressions Generic extension method example: Calling extension method with lambda expression: List customers = GetCustomerList(); IEnumerable names = customers.Select(c => c.Name); Rewriting extension method call: IEnumerable names = Sequence.Select (customers, c => c.Name); T type argument is inferred to Customer based on source argument type Sequence.Select (customers, c => c.Name) c lambda expression argument type is inferred to Customer Sequence.Select (customers, (Customer c) => c.Name) S type argument is inferred to string based on return value type of the lambda expression Sequence.Select (customers, (Customer c) => c.Name) public static class Sequence { public static IEnumerable Select (this IEnumerable source, Func selector) { foreach (T element in source) yield return selector(element); } } public static class Sequence { public static IEnumerable Select (this IEnumerable source, Func selector) { foreach (T element in source) yield return selector(element); } }

31. Lambda Expressions A lambda expression is a value, that does not have a type but can be implicitly converted to a compatible delegate type delegate R Func (A arg); Func f1 = x => x + 1; Func f2 = x => x + 1; Func f3 = x => x + 1; // Error double -> int

32. Lambda Expressions Given the code delegate R Func (A arg); static Z F (X x, Func f1, Func f2) { return f2(f1(x)); } What does the following produce? F("1:15:30", s => TimeSpan.Parse(s), t => t.TotalSeconds)

33. Extension Methods, … Try this at home! Let’s wrap this discussion up by combining extension methods, implicit types, anonymous types and lambda expressions to create a complex process chain: var processes = System.Diagnostics.Process.GetProcesses()System.Diagnostics.Process.GetProcesses.Where(proc => proc.WorkingSet64 > 20 * 1024 * 1024).OrderByDescending(proc => proc.WorkingSet64).Select(proc => new { Identifier = proc.Id, Name = proc.ProcessName }); foreach (var process in processes) Console.WriteLine("Identifier = {0}, Name = {1}", process.Identifier, process.Name); foreach (var process in processes) Console.WriteLine("Identifier = {0}, Name = {1}", process.Identifier, process.Name);

34. Lambda Expressions Programming in C# Lambda Expressions CSE 494R (proposed course for 459 Programming in C#) Prof. Roger Crawfis