1. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY: TRANSPORTATION

2. UNITED STATES POPULATION 300 MILLION MOTORIZED VEHICLES ~300 MILLION TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSUMPTION ~32 % OF TOTAL U. S. ENERGY USE, OF WHICH ~98% IS FROM PETROLEUM

3. UNITED STATES LIGHT VEHICLE FLEET ~230 MILLION ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY LIGHT VEHICLE FLEET = ~24% OF TOTAL ENERGY USE, OF WHICH ~99+% COMES FROM PETROLEUM CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM LIGHT VEHICLE FLEET = ~22% OF TOTAL U. S. EMISSIONS

4. ENERGY ISSUES SHORT TERM: PRICE OF PETROLEUM POLLUTION LONGER TERM: SUPPLY SECURITY SUPPLY SUSTAINABILITY GLOBAL WARMING PRICE

5. BASIS FOR AN ENERGY POLICY 1. NON-RENEWABLE (FOSSIL OR NUCLEAR) ENERGY SOURCES ARE FINITE. 2. THEIR USE REDUCES THE AMOUNT AVAILABLE IN THE FUTURE.

6. 3. THE LESS EFFICIENTLY A FINITE SOURCE IS USED, THE MORE ITS FUTURE SUPPLY IS REDUCED. 4. THEREFORE, AN ENERGY POLICY SHOULD TEND TOWARD THE MOST EFFICIENT USE OF NON- RENEWABLE SOURCES.

7. 5. USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES DOES NOT REDUCE THE FUTURE AMOUNT OF THE SOURCE. 6. THE ONLY WAY TO REACH A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY DOMAIN IN THE LONG TERM IS TO BASE IT ON RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES.

8. 7.DOES THIS MEAN THAT EFFICIENCY IS NOT IMPORTANT FOR RENEWABLES? NO! BUT, IT IS IMPORTANT IN A DIFFERENT WAY, BECAUSE EFFICIENCY AFFECTS THE COST OF THE SYSTEM AND OF THE ENERGY.

9. ILLUSTRATION 2 UNITSENERGY IN4 UNITS ENERGY CONVERSION AND UTILIZATION 25 % EFFIC. ENERGY CONVERSION AND UTILIZATION 50 % EFFIC. 1 UNITENERGY OUT1 UNIT

10. ENERGY EFFICIENCY 1.ENERGY EFFICIENCY MUST BE DETERMINED FROM “IN THE GROUND” THROUGH “END USE.” 2. FOR TRANSPORTATION THIS IS CALLED A “WELL TO WHEEL” ANALYSIS.

11. WELL TO TANK TO TANK WELL: FUEL SOURCE IN THE GROUND PRODUCTION TRANMISSION CONVERSION REFINING DISTRIBUTION STORAGE DISPENSING

12. TANK TO WHEEL TO TANK FUEL IN THE TANK  ENGINE  LOAD FACTOR  WEIGHT, IDLE & RECOVERY FACTOR  TRANSMISSION TO WHEELS

13. EFFICIENCY OF MULTISTEP PROCESS SINGLE STEP: STEP i, EFFICIENCY= η i = E i / E i-1 ENERGY IN, E i-1 ENERGY OUT, E i

14. N-STEP, MULTI-STEP OVERALL EFFICIENCY η O = E N / E 0 = (E 1 / E 0 )* (E 2 /E 1 )…*…*(E N /E N-1 ) i = N = Π(η i ) i = 0

15. EXAMPLE: SUPPOSE THAT THE EFFICIENCY OF EACH STEP IN A 4-STEP PROCESS IS 70 PERCENT, WHAT IS THE OVERALL EFFICIENCY?

16. η O = (70)*(70)*(70)*(70) = 24 E 06 ??? Ooops! η is ratio of energy in to energy out, not 100 times that!! Therefore, η O =(0.7)*(0.7)* (0.7)* (0.7) = 0.2401 = 24%

17. ENGINE TANK-TO-WHEEL EFF GASOLINE (SPARK 19% IGNITION--SI) DIESEL (COMPRES- SION IGNITION--CI)26% GASOLINE-ELEC. HYBRID36% DIESEL-ELEC. HYBRID45%

18. DIESEL OTTO PRESSURE VOLUME

19. HYBRID ELECTRIC GASOLINE OR DIESEL ENGINE BATTERY--DC INVERTER-- AC DC DRIVE TRAIN GENERATOR & MOTOR--AC WHEEL S ENERGY RECOVERY--AC

20. ENGINE TANK-TO-WHEEL EFF GASOLINE36% (gas) PLUG-IN HYBRID81% (elec) 57% (combined) DIESEL45% (diesel) PLUG-IN HYBRID81% (elec) 57% (combined) ALL ELECTRIC81% FUEL CELL44%

21. EXAMPLE: GASOLINE ELECTRIC HYBRID EFF., % ENGINE (PEAK) 38 PART-LOAD FACTOR85 TRANSMISSION85 WEIGHT,IDLE, RECOVERY 130 η 0,TtoW = 36 %

25. WELL TO TANK WELL: FUEL SOURCE IN THE GROUND PRODUCTION TRANMISSION CONVERSION REFINING DISTRIBUTION STORAGE DISPENSING TO TANK

26. (OR ON) WHAT IS IN^THE GROUND? NON RENEWABLES PETROLEUM NATURAL GAS COAL URANIUM RENEWABLES SUNSHINE BIOMASS WIND OCEAN THERMAL, CURRENTS, TIDES GEOTHERMAL

27. HOW CAN THESE BE TRANSPORTATION FUELS? PETROLEUM—REFINE NATURAL GAS—AS IS, H2 OR LIQUID FUEL COAL—ELECTRICITY, H2 OR LIQUID FUEL URANIUM—ELECT., H2 SUNSHINE—ELECT., BIOMASS, SPLIT WATER BIOMASS—ELECT., LIQUID FUEL WIND, OCEAN, GEOTHERMAL—ELECT.

28. CO 2 COALN 2 PRODUCTS: HYDROGEN, DIESEL, GASOLINE, ETHANOL, etc. GASIFI- CATION AIR SEPARATION WATER GAS SHIFT ACID GAS REMOVAL SYNTHESIS PROCESS O2O2 STEAM AIR H2SH2S CO H2H2 METALS

29. WELL TO TANK FUEL/SOURCE EFF GASOLINE PETROLEUM90% COAL48% ETHANOL PETROLEUM55% COAL50% CORN125% SWITCH GRASS400% DIESEL PETROLEUM90% COAL51%

30. WELL TO TANK FUEL/SOURCE EFF ELECTRICITY NG-COMBINED CYCLE46% COAL-CONVENTIONAL48% COAL-IGCC36% NUCLEAR27% HYDROGEN NG48% COAL38%

31. CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, g/MJ in-tank W-TT-W GASOLINE PETROLEUM9472 ETHANOL NATURAL GAS11671 CORN8771 DIESEL CAOL12375

32. CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, g/MJ in-tank W-TT-W ELECTRICITY CONV.COAL2800 NUCLEAR~00 HYDROGEN NATURAL GAS800 TOTAL EMISSIONS PER MJ TO WHEEL= (W-T + T-W)/(T-W EFF.)

33. TODAY’S ~COST TO HYBRID USE $/100 MILES HYDROGEN 12 CORN ETHANOL 8 GASOLINE 6 DIESEL 4 ELECTRICITY 3

34. SUMMARARY & CONCLUSIONS 1. THERE ARE VECHICLES AND FUEL TECHNOLOGIES THAT CAN DRASTICALLY REDUCE GASOLINE USAGE AND CO2 EMISSIONS. 2. ALL NEW TECHNOLOGIES HAVE PROBLEMS. 3. WE SHOULD NOT RELY ON ONE APROACH.

35. 4. START NOW! IT WILL TAKE 20+ YEARS TO PHASE-IN NEW TECHNOLOGIES. 5. ETHANOL-FUELED HYBRIDS AND PLUG-IN HYBRIDS ARE THE MOST ATTRACTIVE OPTIONS NOW. THEY CAN REDUCE GASOLINE USE AND CO2 EMISSIONS BY A FACTOR OF ~4. 6. RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIES, OFFER GREAT POTENTIAL.