1. Kinetic Theory
All matter is made of constantly moving particles that collide without losing energy.
Solids particles vibrate in place. Liquid particles slide paste each other and gas particles move freely and collide into each other.
Ice melts at Zero Degrees Celsius which is when particles slip out of their ordered arrangement of a solid.
Water boils at 100 degrees Celcius which is when the vapor within the liquid builds up enough vapor pressure to escape the liquid.

2. States of Matter
There are 4 states of matter (solid, liquid, gas, and plasma).

3. Expansion/Contraction
Most matter expands when heated (thermal expansion) and contracts when cooled.
So why do bridges have joints with spaces?
Why does the column of liquid in a thermometer rise, when the temperature rises and falls when the temperature falls?

4. Archimedes's Principle
Archimedes's principle states that the buoyant force of an object in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
Buoyancy is the ability of a fluid—a liquid or a gas….to exert an upward force on an object immersed in it.
If the buoyant force is equal to the object’s weight, the object will float. If the buoyant force is less than the object’s weight, the object will sink.

5. Heat of fusion/Melting Point
Melting Point is the temperature at which a solid begins to liquefy.
Heat of fusion is the amount of energy required to change a substance from the solid phase to the liquid phase at its melting point.

6. Heat of Vaporization/Boiling Point
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the pressure of the vapor in the liquid is equal to the external pressure acting on the surface of the liquid.
Heat of vaporization is the amount of energy required for the liquid at its boiling point to become a gas.

7. Diffusion
Diffusion is the spreading of particles throughout a given volume until they are uniformly distributed.
Diffusion is faster in gases though it still happens in solids and liquids.

8. Heating Curve of a Liquid
Heating Curves show the temperature change of a liquid as heat is added.
The two areas that the temperature does not change is when it is melting…..at O degrees and at 100 degrees Celcius, when the water is boiling/vaporizing and the temperature is constant.

9. Boiling Point
At a mountain top, boiling point would be lower because atmospheric pressure is lower.
In a pressurized boiler, boiling point would be higher because the appliance causes the vapor over the liquid to build up more pressure.

10. Bernoulli’s Principle
Bernoulli’s principle states that the pressure exerted by a fluid decreases as its velocity increases.

11. Pressure
Pressure is the force exerted per unit area. It is measured in Pascals (Pa) P = F/A
The Earth’s atmosphere is a fluid. The Earth’s atmosphere exerts pressure all around you.
Pascal’s principle states that the pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted unchanged throughout the fluid (every part of the fluid is under the same pressure).

12. Pressure 1 Pascal is one Newton per square meter (1 N/m2)
At sea level the atmospheric pressure is kPa (kiloPascals)
Boyle’s Law (P1V1 = P2V2)
Charle’s Law (V1/T1 = V2/T2)