3. Chapter Menu Analyzing Data Section 2.1Section 2.1Units and Measurements Section 2.2Section 2.2 Scientific Notation and Dimensional Analysis Section 2.3Section 2.3 Uncertainty in Data Section 2.4Section 2.4 Representing Data Exit Click a hyperlink or folder tab to view the corresponding slides.

4. Section 2-1 Section 2.1 Units and Measurements Define SI base units for time, length, mass, and temperature. mass: a measurement that reflects the amount of matter an object contains Explain how adding a prefix changes a unit. Compare the derived units for volume and density.

5. Section 2-1 Section 2.1 Units and Measurements (cont.) base unit second meter kilogram Chemists use an internationally recognized system of units to communicate their findings. kelvin derived unit liter density

6. Section 2-1 Units Système Internationale d'Unités (SI) is an internationally agreed upon system of measurements. A base unit is a defined unit in a system of measurement that is based on an object or event in the physical world, and is independent of other units. There are seven base units in SI. All other units are derived from a combination of these base units.base unit

7. Section 2-1 Units (cont.) Table on p. 33 of your textbook

8. Section 2-1 Units (cont.) Table on p. 33 of your textbook

9. PrefixSymbolNumerical value in base unitsPower of 10 equivalent GigaG1,000,000,00010 9 MegaM1,000,00010 6 KiloK100010 3 Hectoh10010 2 Dekada1010 1 -------1 (base)10 0 Decid0.110 -1 Centic0.0110 -2 Millim0.00110 -3 Microμ0.00000110 -6 NanoN0.00000000110 -9 PicoP0.00000000000110 -12

10. Section 2-1 Units (cont.) The SI base unit of time is the second (s), based on the frequency of radiation (the time for a large number of vibrations) given off by a cesium-133 atom.second The SI base unit for length is the meter (m), the distance light travels in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458th of a second.meter

11. The SI base unit of mass is the kilogram (kg). This weighs about 2.2 pounds. The kilogram is an actual physical standard of platinum and iridium. Scientists are working to redefine this. Mass and weight are two different things. kilogram Because the kilogram is a large unit of measure, in the lab we will usually measure milligrams. How many milligrams are in a gram? Mass is a measure of how much “stuff” there is….the amount of matter in an object. If you go to the moon, your weight changes, but your mass does not.

12. Section 2-1 Units (cont.) The SI base unit of temperature is the kelvin (K). kelvin Zero kelvin is the point where there is virtually no particle motion or kinetic energy, also known as absolute zero. You may be more familiar with the Celsius scale. This scale was set up based on the boiling and freezing of water. On this scale, water freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C. In lab, we will measure Celsius degrees.

13. To convert from Celsius to Kelvin, the formula is: K = °C + 273 Example: Water boils at 100 °C. What temperature is that on the Kelvin scale? Example 2: A metal has a temperature of 423 K. What temperature is that in degrees Celsius?

14. Two other temperature scales are Celsius and Fahrenheit. To convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit, the formula is: °F = 1.8(°C) + 32 Example 3: If the temperature outside is 25 °C, what temperature is that in Fahrenheit?

15. Section 2-1 Derived Units Not all quantities can be measured with SI base units. A unit that is defined by a combination of base units is called a derived unit.derived unit For example, the standard unit for speed in the metric system is m/s. This unit is derived by dividing the SI unit for length (meter) by the SI unit for time (second).

16. Section 2-1 Derived Units (cont.) Volume is measured in cubic meters (m 3 ), but this is very large. A more convenient measure is the liter, or one cubic decimeter (dm 3 ).liter

17. Section 2-1 Derived Units (cont.) Density is a derived unit, g/cm 3, the amount of mass per unit volume.Density The density equation is density = mass/volume. Example: Find the density of a metal box that has a volume of 5 cm 3 and a mass of 44.6 grams. From page 971, what type of box is it? D =

18. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2-1 Section 2.1 Assessment Which of the following is a derived unit? A.yard B.second C.liter D.kilogram

19. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2-1 Section 2.1 Assessment What is the relationship between mass and volume called? A.density B.space C.matter D.weight

20. Bellwork: List 5 metric prefix names and the power of ten they stand for. Calculate the density of a block if it has a mass of 5.0 grams and a volume of 2 cm 3 Convert 10 degrees Celsius to Kelvin. Convert 10 degrees Celsius to Farenheit.

21. Section 2-2 Section 2.2 Scientific Notation and Dimensional Analysis Express numbers in scientific notation. quantitative data: numerical information describing how much, how little, how big, how tall, how fast, and so on Convert between units using dimensional analysis.

22. Section 2-2 Section 2.2 Scientific Notation and Dimensional Analysis (cont.) scientific notation dimensional analysis conversion factor Scientists often express numbers in scientific notation and solve problems using dimensional analysis.

23. Section 2-2 Scientific Notation Scientific notation can be used to express any number as a number between 1 and 10 (the coefficient) multiplied by 10 raised to a power (the exponent).Scientific notation Count the number of places the decimal point must be moved to give a coefficient between 1 and 10.

24. Section 2-2 Scientific Notation (cont.) 800 = 8.0  10 2 0.0000343 = 3.43  10 –5 The number of places moved equals the value of the exponent. The exponent is positive when the decimal moves to the left and negative when the decimal moves to the right. Example: Express 123 456 in scientific notation.

25. Section 2-2 Scientific Notation (cont.) Addition and subtraction –Exponents must be the same. –Rewrite values with the same exponent. –Add or subtract coefficients. Examples: Add 1.23 x 10 3 and 2.46 x 10 3 Add 2.2 x 10 2 and 3.33 x 10 3 (or…use your calculator!)

26. Section 2-2 Scientific Notation (cont.) Multiplication and division –To multiply, multiply the coefficients, then add the exponents. –To divide, divide the coefficients, then subtract the exponent of the divisor from the exponent of the dividend.

27. Section 2-2 Dimensional Analysis Dimensional analysis is a systematic approach to problem solving that uses conversion factors to move, or convert, from one unit to another.Dimensional analysis A conversion factor is a ratio of equivalent values having different units.conversion factor

28. Section 2-2 Dimensional Analysis (cont.) Writing conversion factors –Conversion factors are derived from equality relationships, such as 1 dozen eggs = 12 eggs. –Percentages can also be used as conversion factors. They relate the number of parts of one component to 100 total parts.

29. Section 2-2 Dimensional Analysis (cont.) Using conversion factors –A conversion factor must cancel one unit and introduce a new one. This is an example that shows how to use conversion factors in finding how many 8 packs of soda you would need for a party of 32 people, assuming each person drinks 2 bottles of soda.

30. Examples: Use conversion factors to make the following conversions: 240 s to ms. 46 kg to Mg.

31. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2-2 Section 2.2 Assessment What is a systematic approach to problem solving that converts from one unit to another? A.conversion ratio B.conversion factor C.scientific notation D.dimensional analysis

32. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2-2 Section 2.2 Assessment Which of the following expresses 9,640,000 in the correct scientific notation? A.9.64  10 4 B.9.64  10 5 C.9.64 × 10 6 D.9.64  6 10