2. Deindividuation Loss of individual identity in presence of group Occurs in large groups –e.g., looting, rioting Physical anonymity –e.g., Would KKK members burn crosses if they weren’t wearing hoods? Diminished self-awareness “Jump bitch jump”

3. Kitty Genovese New York City, 1964 Kitty Genovese was raped and murdered while at least 38 neighbors looked on nobody phoned the police until after the attacker left the scene When asked why they didn’t act, bystanders said things like, “I just don’t know,” or “I just didn’t want to get involved.”

4. Bystander Apathy field studies (Harold Takooshian) –New York City –bicycle theft –wallet pickpocketing –man put unconscious woman in car trunk 20 replications, no intervention –why car alarms suck 95-99% false alarms few people stop thieves (1-5%) –field study (Takooshian) »8% intervened »15% helped thief break in many people complain (60%) and some damage car out of aggravation doesn’t deter real thieves waste of police resources

5. Bystander Apathy Experiment (Latane and Darley, 1970) –subjects heard student in adjacent room having an epileptic seizure and gasping for help –likelihood and speed of intervention depended on how many others subject though were present

6. Why Don’t People Help? ambiguity risks to self anonymity diffusion of responsibility

7. Diffusion of Responsibility “I used to ask myself, ‘Why doesn’t somebody do something?!’ Then I realized I am somebody.” -- Jane Wagner

8. Practice What You Preach Experiment (Darley & Batson, 1973) Princeton Theology Seminary students were on their way to give a sermon about “The Good Samaritan” –Good Samaritan: New Testament figure who takes time to help injured man at a roadside Subjects were deliberately made to be early, on-time, or late On their way through an alley, the seminary students found a man slumped in a doorway, coughing and groaning What do you think they did?

9. Persuasion Robert Cialdini, social psychologist who trained with the best reciprocity –Hare Krishnas’ flower power: “Please, it is a gift for you.” –preys on reciprocal altruism lowballing –“Would you be a subject in an experiment at 7:00 a.m.?” 24% yes –“Would you be a subject in an experiment? Yes? By the way, it’s at 7:00 a.m.” 56% yes, 95% of them showed up –“I’ll give the car to you for $7,000. I need to discuss this with my manager. The manager says you can have it for only $7,300.” door-in-the face technique foot-in-the-door technique

11. Social Impact Theory Convergence of social forcesDiffusion of social impact

12. Personality Test Scores How would you rate the accuracy of your personality test score (available on the main course web page)? 0 = very poor, no relation to my personality 1 = poor, not very close 2 = more wrong than right 3 = more right than wrong 4 = pretty close 5 = describes me almost perfectly

14. Sigmund’s Greatest Hits 1.Psychoanalysis 2.Id, Ego, Superego 3.Psychosexual stages of Development 4.Freudian slip 5.Oedipal Complex (and Electra Complex) 6.Defense Mechanisms 7.Interpretation of Dreams 8.Penis Envy 9.Influence on later psychologists 10.Cocaine See text, Ch. 15, FQ 26-32

15. 1. Psychoanalysis hysterical women in Vienna the “talking cure” catharsis = explosive release of pent up emotions hypnosis free association Anna O.

16. Superego Id Ego 2. Id, Ego, Superego unconscious driven by libido pleasure principle consciencereality principle

17. 3. Psychosexual Stages of Development oral analphallic latent genital

18. Fixation Example: Anal retentiveness

19. 4. Freudian slip –subconscious, often sexual, thoughts lead to misspeaking 5. Oedipal (Electra) complex –boys (girls) are in love with their mothers (fathers) 6. Defense Mechanisms –e.g., repression 7. Interpretation of Dreams –latent vs. manifest content 8. Penis envy 9. Later psychologists –Carl Jung, Erik Erikson, Anna Freud, Karen Horney 10. Cocaine Sigmund’s Greatest Hits

20. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) the earth is not the centre of the universe Three Revolutions in Human Thought (… according to Freud himself) Charles Darwin (1809-1882) humans are not special, they are just a species like any other animals Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) humans are not motivated only by their conscious thoughts but largely by unconscious (and often unpleasant) motives

21. Praise for Freud most influential psychologist ever psychoanalysis has been very popular huge impact on pop culture recognized importance of unconscious influences on behavior recognized importance of early development on adult behavior

22. Critiques of Freud real theories make testable predictions and can be disproved –subjective, unverified analyses –experiments have not supported theories theories of development were not based on observing children hysterical women in Vienna are not representative some argue he was misogynistic