1. CHAPTER 1 History and Classification

2. Themes of Drug Use Basic Need to Cope Brain Chemistry can be affected by substances Government Cultivating/manufacturing Distribution Taxation Prohibition/enforcement

3. Themes of Drug Use Technology Distillation Refining Synthesis of new drugs Extraction Modification

4. Themes of Drug Use Methods of Administration Mixing substances More efficient absorption Inhalation of volatiles Injection Snorting – insufflation Smoking Crush and inject

5. History Neolithic Shamanism/religious use Alcohol Mushrooms Opium Marijuana Cocoa Coca Tea/coffee Khat Tobacco

6. History Ancient Development of agriculture Grain for bread and beer/wine Fruit for wine Opium Cannabis

7. History Alcohol – Drink vs. Drunk Alcohol available, but laws on use Penalties for drunkenness sometimes severe Dionysus vs. Bacchus

8. History Opium Widespread Medical and euphoric use Cannabis Most common in the East Medical and ‘Recreational’ use

9. History Mescaline North/South America Mostly ceremonial

10. History Mushrooms India, East and Americas

11. History Coca/Tobacco Central/South America/North America Alkaloids to discourage herbivores, etc. Used medicinally and recreationally

12. History Middle Ages All of the above Additions Nightshade family Ergot Distillation Medical uses - purification/concentration Coffee/Tea – roasting, cuktivation

13. History ‘Renaissance/Age of Discovery Distilled Alcohol Problems Taxation Substances from the New World Coca Tobacco Coffee/Tea – use increases Opium – rediscovered Greek/Moorish writing

14. History Age of Enlightenment/Industrial Revolution Improvements in production/Administration Taxation/Revenue Encouragement/Discouragement Inhalents Opium to Heroin Morphine – pure form, overdose Heroin Opium Wars Cocaine Temperance/Prohibition

15. History Patent Medicines Heroin, Cocaine Elixers Pain Killers Coca Cola

16. History 20 th Century Tobacco – rise of cigarettes Legislation Pure Food and Drug Act 1906 Accurate Labelling Opium Exclusion Act 1909 Reduction of use worldwide Harrison Narcotic Act 1914 Controlled/taxed opium, cocaine Illicit drug trade

17. History Alcohol Prohibition 1920 Did improve Public Health Caused dramatic increase in organized crime

18. History Marijuana Increased use due in part to Popular musician/artist use Marijuana Tax Act – 1937 Banned Cannabis Sativa Cultivation improved Greatly increased use in 50s to present

19. History Amphetamines Synthesized 1887/1919 Stimulant Decongestant Appetite Suppressant Military Use Great increase in use 50s-60s Controlled Substance Act 1970

20. History Sports Anabolic Steroids – Olympics IOC – banned performance enhancers 1968 NCAA – 1984 NFL, MLB, NBA

21. History Sedatives/Hypnotics Barbiturates (1 st non-alcohol related sedatives) Benzodiazepines (less toxic) Psychiatric Drugs Antipsychotics Lithium Antianxiety Antidepressants

22. History Psychedelics LSD Mushrooms Synthetics MDMA MDA STP DMT Etc.

23. History Response to growing misuse/abuse Supply reduction – interdiction Demand reduction – education Harm reduction – methadone, needle exchange

24. History Methadone/Heroin Substitute on substance for another Risk/benefit Expectations

25. History Cocaine/Crack Cocaine HCl Snorted or injected Crack – cocaine free base Smoked (volatilized) powerful and fast effect Expensive Methamphetamine Similar salt vs. free base Longer half life than cocaine Cheaper

26. Current Events Over all drug abuse has declined since 1980 Age of first use has also gone down Severity of abuse problems increased Political issues Public Health issues

27. Current Events Heroin use increasing Geographical differences – ports Mexican/South American sources Political hotspots Afghanistan Myanmar (Burma) Thailand

28. Current Events Cocaine South America Traffickers control/influence governments Mexican border 30 tons/month from just one source

29. Current Events Public Health HIV AIDS HepC

30. Current Events Meth Geographic differences Nationwide – large scale Mexican labs NW – small labs in rural settings Restrictions on precursors Ephedrine pseudoephedrine

31. Current Events Club Drugs MDA MDMA Ketamine Rohypnol GHB

32. Current Events Marijuana Stronger than ever Medical marijuana No way to legally obtain Federal law still considers illegal Canada has new medical law Legalization – support increasing but still low

33. Current Events Tobacco Use decreased after mid-60s Increased in 90s Women Young people Slight decrease in 2000s Legal issues Companies knew Where are they selling now??

34. Current Events Oxycontin/Other Opiates Time-release oxycodone MS-contin Hydrocodone (Vicodin) Chronic Pain clinics

35. Current Events Alcohol Still the most widely abused drug Kills more than 10 times as many people as all other drugs combined Single biggest Public Health and Law Enforcement problem of all drugs

36. Current Events Newly identified addictions Eating Gambling Internet Shopping Sex

37. Current Events Drug Court Specific to drug-only crime 1 st time offenders Treatment vs. jail Accountability ‘Coerced treatment’

38. Classification of Drugs Psychoactive Drug Alters the function of the CNS Changes or substitutes for the action of CNS neurotransmitters

39. Classification Uppers Stimulants Cocaine Amphetamines Amphetamine congeners (relatives) Modafinil Khat, betel, ephedra Caffeine nicotine

40. Classification Downers Depressants Opiates Opium Codiene Morphine Opioids Hydrocodone Hydromorphone Oxycodone Oxymorphone Opiate like Meperidine Propoxyphene

41. Classification Downers (cont.) Sedative/Hypnotics Barbiturates Phenobarbital Butalbital Benzodiazepines Diazepam – Valium Chlordiazepoxide – Librium Alprazolam - Xanax Alcohol Misc. Antihistamines Muscle relaxants

42. Classification All Arounders Psychedelics – Hallucinogens LSD Phenylalkylamines (mescaline, MDMA, etc.) Psilocybin Anticholinergics Marijuana Ketamine Phencylidine (PCP)

43. Classification Other Inhalants – usually depressants Steroids Psychiatric meds Compulsive behaviors

44. Classification Controlled Substance Act 1970 Schedule I – High abuse potential, no medical use Schedule II – High abuse potential ScheduleIII – Lesser abuse potential Schedule IV – Even less abuse potential Schedule V – Minimal abuse potential