1. Politics and Government

2.  What makes Texas different from other states?  Does Texas’ past history contribute to “Texas Pride?”

3. 1836 - 1846  The Republic pro-Houston (Sam Houston -- hero of Battle of San Jacinto -- wanted U.S. statehood) anti-Houston ( Lamar -- wanted Texas to be separate nation) Final annexation in 1845 -- Texas became 28th state

4.  Peculiarities: Texas could divide itself into as many as 5 states Texas can keep its public lands Texas can secede from union

5. 1846 - 1864  Early Statehood and Secession 1861 -- Texas seceded from Union and admitted into Confederate States of America Politics were militaristic responsible for defense of frontier and Mexican border

6. 1865 - 1885  Post-Civil War Texas Constitution adopted in 1869 E. J. Davis elected governor -  irregularities  corruption under his administration

7.  Texas readmitted to Union  governed by civil authority all power centralized in Office of Governor legacy -- strong anti-Republican reaction and Davis ousted

8. 1876 -- new Constitution written and ratified to reflect new ideology  cut expenditures  decentralized state government  limited flexibility of politicians  still in use today

9. political consequences  one-party dominance  Democratic party

10. 1886 - 1913  Progress and Reform political adjustments spearheaded by James Stephen Hogg 1892 -- Democratic Party split into 3 factions  regular Democrats controlled Democratic convention in Houston (supporters of Hogg)

11.  conservative wing (anti-Hogg) formed coalition with Black Republicans to oppose Hogg forces  Jeffersonian (Skunk) Democrats -- Hogg’s programs not liberal enough -- populists

12. 1914 - 1918  Farmer Jim (Prohibitionist era) James E. Ferguson  antiprohibitionist (wet)  programs for Texas tenant farmers platform financial irregularities in Administration

13.  Impeached and convicted of 21 charges  Removed from public office and barred from holding public office in Texas again  18th Amendment ratified -- U.S. and Texas dry

14. 1919 - 1928  World War I, the Twenties, and Return of Farmer Jim WWI  increased military presence in Texas due to Zimmerman note (Germany encouraged Mexico to invade Texas)

15.  Important military training area  permanent military presence

16.  1921 -- Pat M. Neff become governor  Ku Klux Klan (pro-white; rural, southern, fundamentalist morality) Klan influence -- its power was a major political issue from 1921 - 1925

17.  1924 - Miriam A. “Ma” Ferguson -- anti- Klan gubernatorial candidate Successfully passed legislation to end the Klan as an effective political force in Texas first female governor

18. 1929 - 1939  The Great Depression Texas hit hard by economic depression East Texas oil discovery (owned by independents)

19. 1946 - 1949  Post World War II 1948 Senatorial campaign -- Coke Stevenson vs. Lyndon B. Johnson  most controversial campaign and election in state’s history  election fraud charges

20.  closest election (87 vote- difference)  Jim Wells county, Box 13, late in reporting and resulted in Johnson’s vote being revised upward  LBJ declared winner by election fraud

21. 1950’s  Allan Shivers elected governor in 1950  Major issue -- tidelands how to measure jurisdictional boundary  3 leagues (Spanish measure = 10 miles)  3 miles (English measure)  $$$ at stake in royalty revenues

22.  Tidelands issues drove Presidential campaign Shivers-Daniels conservative Democrats endorsed Eisenhower (R)

23. Shivercrats  split ticket voting (R for President; D at state level) Ralph Yarborough  straight D ticket -- Loyalist Democrats of Texas

24.  Results were: tideland issue resolved in Texas’ favor split D party into 2 factions -- liberal and conservative

25.  1954 -- Shivers elected for 3 terms scandals surfaced regarding contributions from lobbyists  1959 -- Texas enacts lobby-control legislation

26. 1960’s  LBJ first Texas President  John B. Connally elected governor 3 terms  1969 -- Preston Smith elected governor

27. 1970’s  Insurance and banking scandals  many elected politicians implicated; Gov. Smith and Lt. Gov found not guilty;  Speaker Mutscher and others convicted of conspiracy to accept a bribe

28.  1972 -1974 -- Brisco elected governor attempts at new constitution and right-to-work provisions failed  1979 -- William P. Clements 1st R governor since 1874 received support from conservative Democrats

29. 1980’s  1982 -- Mark White (D) elected governor strong support from teachers HB72 (1984) -- educational reform:  increased teachers’ salaries  equalized school districts income

30.  teachers pass a competency test  no pass, no play -- course failure, no extracurricular activities for 6-weeks  1986 -- Clements elected again

31. 1990’s  1990 -- diversified election Ann Richards-- 2nd female governor Dan Morales -- AG -- 1st Hispanic 1st avowed homosexual to Texas legislature

32. 1992 -- Kay Bailey Hutchison -- 1st female U.S. senator 2 Republicans in Congress

33.  Legacy: Texas became a two-party state  1994 -- George W. Bush (R) elected governor  1996 -- Republicans won majority of seats in Texas legislature

34.  1998 -- Republicans win every statewide elected office  1999 -- Democrats retained control of HR

35. 2000’s  2000 W goes to White House Rick Perry assumes governorship  2002 – Perry vs. Sanchez (first Hispanic Gubernatorial candidate) Perry elected governor both chambers of Texas legislature are Republican

36.  2003 – Redistricting in Texas  2005 – Public school funding and property tax relief  2007 – Democrats gained seats in Texas Senate and House Republicans still majority