1. A&P 1
Directional
Terminology

2. Standard anatomical body position:
Anatomical Position
Standard anatomical body position:
Body erect
Feet slightly apart
Palms facing forward

3. Table 1.1

4. Table 1.1

5. Table 1.1

6. Table 1.1

7. Table 1.1

8. Two major divisions of body:
Regional Terms
Two major divisions of body:
Axial
Head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular
Limbs
Regional terms designate specific areas

9. Cephalic Upper limb Frontal Acromial Orbital Brachial (arm) Nasal
Antecubital
Oral
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Mental
Cervical
Carpal (wrist)
Manus (hand)
Thoracic
Palmar
Axillary
Pollex
Mammary
Digital
Sternal
Abdominal
Lower limb
Umbilical
Coxal (hip)
Pelvic
Femoral (thigh)
Inguinal
(groin)
Patellar
Crural (leg)
Pubic
(genital)
Fibular or peroneal
Pedal (foot)
Tarsal (ankle)
Thorax
Metatarsal
Abdomen
Digital
Back (Dorsum)
Hallux
(a) Anterior/Ventral
Figure 1.7a

10. Upper limb Cephalic Acromial Otic Brachial (arm) Occipital (back
of head)
Olecranal
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Cervical
Back (dorsal)
Manus (hand)
Scapular
Metacarpal
Vertebral
Digital
Lumbar
Lower limb
Sacral
Femoral (thigh)
Gluteal
Popliteal
Perineal (between
anus and external
genitalia)
Sural (calf)
Fibular or peroneal
Pedal (foot)
Thorax
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
Calcaneal
Plantar
(b) Posterior/Dorsal
Figure 1.7b

11. Body Planes
Plane: Flat surface along which body or structure is cut for anatomical study

12. Midsagittal (median) plane
Body Planes
Sagittal plane
Divides body vertically into right and left parts
Produces a sagittal section
Midsagittal (median) plane
Lies on midline
Parasagittal plane
Not on midline

13. Frontal (coronal) plane
Body Planes
Frontal (coronal) plane
Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse (horizontal) plane
Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts
Produces a cross section
Oblique section
Cuts made diagonally

14. Median (midsagittal) plane
Frontal plane
Median (midsagittal) plane
Transverse plane
(a) Frontal section
(through torso)
(b) Transverse section
(through torso,
inferior view)
(c) Median section
(midsagittal)
Pancreas
Aorta
Spleen
Left and
right lungs
Liver
Heart
Spleen
Liver
Spinal cord
Rectum
Intestines
Body wall
Stomach
Arm
Vertebral
column
Subcutaneous fat layer
Figure 1.8

15. Anatomical Variability
Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions, but:
Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place
Small muscles may be missing

16. Body Cavities
Spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs
Cranial cavity
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity

17. Body Cavities

18. Cranial Cavity and Vertebral Canal
Formed by the cranial bones
Protects the brain
Vertebral canal
Formed by bones of vertebral column
Contains the spinal cord
Meninges
Layers of protective tissue that line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal .

19. Also called the chest cavity Formed by
Thoracic Cavity
Also called the chest cavity
Formed by
Ribs
Muscles of the chest
Sternum (breastbone)
Vertebral column (thoracic portion)

20. Within the thoracic cavity
Pericardial cavity
Fluid-filled space that surround the heart
Pleural cavity
Two fluid-filled spaces that that surround each lung
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

21. Thoracic Cavity Mediastinum Central part of the thoracic cavity
Between lungs
Extending from the sternum to the vertebral column
First rib to the diaphragm
Diaphragm
Dome shaped muscle
Separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity .

22. Abdominopelvic Cavity
Extends from the diaphragm to the groin
Encircled by the abdominal wall and bones and muscles of the pelvis
Divided into two portions:
Abdominal cavity
Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small and large intestines
Pelvic cavity
Urinary bladder, internal organs of reproductive system, and portions of the large intestine .

23. Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes
Viscera
Organs of the thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavities
Serous membrane is a thin slippery membrane that covers the viscera
Parts of the serous membrane:
Parietal layer
Lines the wall of the cavities
Visceral layer
Covers the viscera within the cavities

24. Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes
Pleura
Serous membrane of the pleural cavities
Visceral pleura clings to surface of lungs
Parietal pleura lines the chest wall
Pericardium
Serous membrane of the pericardial cavity
Visceral pericardium covers the heart
Parietal pericardium lines the chest wall
Peritoneum
Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity
Visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal cavity
Parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall .

25. (comparable to parietal serosa)
Outer balloon wall
(comparable to parietal serosa)
Air (comparable to serous cavity)
Inner balloon wall
(comparable to visceral serosa)
Heart
Parietal
pericardium
Pericardial
space with
serous fluid
Visceral
pericardium
(b) The serosae associated with the heart.
Figure 1.10a-b

26. Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Vertical and horizontal lines pass through the umbilicus
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower quadrants (LLQ) .

27. Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Right upper
quadrant
(RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant
(LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant
(RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant
(LLQ)
Figure 1.11

28. Abdominopelvic Regions
Used to describe the location of abdominal and pelvic organs
Tic-Tac-Toe grid
Two horizontal and two vertical lines partition the cavity .

29. .

30. Abdominopelvic Regions
Liver
Diaphragm
Right
hypochondriac
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Epigastric
region
Gallbladder
Stomach
Right
lumbar
region
Left
lumbar
region
Ascending colon of
large intestine
Transverse colon
of large intestine
Umbilical
region
Small intestine
Descending colon
of large intestine
Cecum
Right iliac
(inguinal)
region
Hypogastric
(pubic)
region
Left iliac
(inguinal)
region
Initial part of
sigmoid colon
Appendix
Urinary bladder
(a) Nine regions delineated by four planes
(b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs
Figure 1.12