1. Copyright © 2003 spinks TUS. All Rights Reserved. 1 An Analysis of the MLIT Survey 2002: The Japanese Telework Population Yuka SAKAMOTO Ochanomizu University Yuka SAKAMOTO Ochanomizu University Wendy A. SPINKS Tokyo University of Science Wendy A. SPINKS Tokyo University of Science Yuko SHOZUGAWA NTT DATA Yuko SHOZUGAWA NTT DATA

2. Copyright © 2003 spinks TUS. All Rights Reserved. 2 Outline Survey Design Survey Findings Obervations

3. Copyright © 2003 spinks TUS. All Rights Reserved. 3 Survey Design Survey Population & Sampling Methods  Step 1: Household Phone Numbers Random Digit Dialling  Private Numbers  Step 2: Selecting 1 Household Worker Random Digit Table ☆ Random sample from all Japanese households

4. Copyright © 2003 spinks TUS. All Rights Reserved. 4 Methodology & Response Rates Computer Assisted Telephone Interviews Survey Period: Oct. 25 – Nov. 10, 2002 Response Sample: 6,783

5. Copyright © 2003 spinks TUS. All Rights Reserved. 5 Survey Content Screening: A) Normally engaged in paid work B) Use ICT networks in the course of work C) Use ICT in more than 1 location (or if only 1 location, different to assigned office) D) More than 8 hours/week in different locations

6. Copyright © 2003 spinks TUS. All Rights Reserved. 6 Screening Flow YES TELEWORKER (8 + hours/week) A Engaged in paid work? NO Not Teleworker B Use ICT in course of work? NO Not Teleworker C Use ICT at home or more than1 location? NO Not Teleworker NO Are you self-employed? Telework 8 hours or more/week? NO D Broad Definition TELEWORKER YES

7. Copyright © 2003 spinks TUS. All Rights Reserved. 7 Paid Work Work Activity Method Used by Employment Status Survey  normally engaged in work? + + Avoids incidental bias - - Definitional ambiguity LFS Method Used by monthly Labour Force Survey  work in last week of survey month? + + Definitional rigour - - Incidental bias in reference week

8. Copyright © 2003 spinks TUS. All Rights Reserved. 8 ICT Equipment/Network = Telework range A. ICT Equipment PC PDA Mobile Phone Dedicated Terminal B. Network Applica- tions E-mail Internet (browsing/search) Data Transmission Co/Client Server Access

9. Copyright © 2003 spinks TUS. All Rights Reserved. 9 Work Location Categories 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Assigned work location (office, shop, factory, facility, etc.) Other in-house facility Client premises (office, R&D facilities, etc.) Own residence In-house satellite office/telework centre Third party telework centre/rental desk Mobile (including business trips) Other

10. Copyright © 2003 spinks TUS. All Rights Reserved. 10 Employment Categories 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Work for company/organization Executive at company/organization Company owner/manager Self-employed, with employees Self-employed/Freelance, no employees Work for family business Home piece-worker Employee Self- employed

11. Copyright © 2003 spinks TUS. All Rights Reserved. 11 Unresolved Design Issues Ascertaining formal/informal telework by employees Ascertaining ICT impact of self- employed workstyles (new occupations /change in existing occupations)

12. Copyright © 2003 spinks TUS. All Rights Reserved. 12 Survey Findings Regular salaried TW 3.11 mil ( 5.7%) Regular self-employed TW 0.97 mil ( 8.2%) SUB-TOTAL 4.08 mil ( 6.2%) Occasional salaried TW 4.43 mil ( 8.0%) Occasional self-employed TW 1.91 mil (16.0%) SUB-TOTAL 6.34 mil ( 9.5%) TOTAL10.42 mil (15.6%) NB Regular = 8 or more hours/week; Occasional = Less than 8 hours/week Total excludes respondents with unclear employment status

13. Copyright © 2003 spinks TUS. All Rights Reserved. 13 Europe/Japan Comparison Regular Telework Supplementary Telework TOTAL Finland10.8%6.0%16.8% Sweden 8.0% 7.2%15.2% Netherlands 8.3% 6.3%14.6% Demark 6.6% 3.9%10.5% UK 4.8% 2.8% 7.6% Germany 4.4% 1.6% 6.0% Ireland 1.9% 2.6% 4.5% Italy 2.9% 0.7% 3.6% France 2.3% 0.6% 2.9% Spain 2.0% 0.8% 2.8% 10-EU Average 4.1% 2.0% 6.1% JAPAN 5.8% 9.1%14.9%

14. Copyright © 2003 spinks TUS. All Rights Reserved. 14 Job ICT Dependence C) ICT changed minor part of how job performed 61% A) Jobs directly involved with ICT 5% B) ICT changed major part of how job performed 34%

15. Copyright © 2003 spinks TUS. All Rights Reserved. 15 TW Advantages RANK ITEM% 1Greater productivity 45.4 2Less fatigue34.7 3Less stress21.5 4Better family communication 20.0 5ICT rules/work smoother 20.0 RANK ITEM% 1Less fatigue60 2Better family communication 55 3More free time53 4Less stress31 5More time- management awareness 13 Self-employed (n=85)Salaried (n=91)

16. Copyright © 2003 spinks TUS. All Rights Reserved. 16 TW Challenges RANK ITEM% 1Work/Non-work hours divide 49.3 2Overworking31.4 3Poor infrastructure 23.2 4Family distractions 22.8 5Work evaluation18.7 RANK ITEM% 1Work/Non-work hours divide 58 2Overworking33 3ICT equipment30 4Family distractions 23 5Poor social welfare 20 Salaried (n=91)Self-employed (n=85)

17. Copyright © 2003 spinks TUS. All Rights Reserved. 17 Observations First truly robust Japanese survey Only 30% of teleworkers know the term Clear qualitative difference between Japan and the EU “Out-of-hours” becoming hot topic Thank you

18. Copyright © 2003 spinks TUS. All Rights Reserved. 18