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Chapter 14: Agricultural Changes in the South

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1 Chapter 14: Agricultural Changes in the South 1790-1860
Holt Call to Freedom Chapter 14: Agricultural Changes in the South

2 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 2
14.1 The Growth of Cotton Objectives: Explain what happened to agriculture and slavery in the South immediately after the American Revolution. Analyze the effect of the cotton gin on the South and slavery. Investigate the effects of the cotton boom on the South’s economy. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 2

3 I. The South’s Agricultural Economy
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 3

4 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 4
A. Decline Prices for cash crops declined after the American Revolution. The fall in crop prices reduced demand for slaves in the Upper South. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 4

5 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 5
B. Freeing Slaves Some slaveholders freed their slaves. Many who did so were influenced by the ideals of the Revolution. In the North, states gradually began to abolish slavery. Some Americans predicted that slavery would eventually die out. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 5

6 II. Whitney and the Cotton Gin
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 6

7 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 7
A. Cotton Workers could easily remove seeds from long-staple cotton. But long-staple cotton only grew tall in a few places in the South. Short-staple, or green-seed, cotton grew well across the South, but removing its seeds was a long and difficult process. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 7

8 Cotton Field Source:

9 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 9
B. The Cotton Gin In 1793 Eli Whitney built a machine to remove seeds from short-staple cotton. Cotton gin used a hand-cranked cylinder with wire teeth to pull cotton fibers apart from the seeds. Revolutionized the cotton industry, and provided a boost to southern agriculture © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 9

10 Eli Whitney Source:

11 COTTON GIN Source:

12

13 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 13
III. The Cotton Boom © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 13

14 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 14
A. The Cotton Kingdom By 1860 cotton made up more than half of all American exports. Most of this cotton was grown in the cotton belt, which included land stretching from South Carolina to Texas. Agricultural scientists produced stronger, more disease-resistant breeds of cotton that farmers soon began growing. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 14

15 1820 Source:

16 1860 Source:

17 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 17
A. The Cotton Kingdom Cotton was easy to grow, cost little to market, could be stored for a long time, and cost less to transport than other crops. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 17

18 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 18
B. Labor Growing cotton required many field hands, as did some other southern cash crops such as Louisiana sugarcane. Plantation owners used slave labor rather than pay free workers. The United States had banned the importation of slaves in 1808, but the domestic slave trade increased as the demand for slave labor rose in the South. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 18

19 Louisiana Sugarcane Source:

20 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 20
B. Labor Slaveholders in the Upper South sold slaves to planters in states farther south. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 20

21

22 Slaves in Cotton Field An illustration depicts slaves working in a southern cotton field. After the Civil War the most important issue to white slaveholders was that many of their best cotton fields lay in disrepair and their cotton field labor had been emancipated. Courtesy of the Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia Libraries Source:

23 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 23
14.2 The Southern Economy Objectives: Describe how trade affected the southern economy. Determine why crops other than cotton were important to the southern economy. Identify the kinds of factories that were located in the South. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 23

24 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 24
I. The Cotton Trade © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 24

25 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 25
A. King Cotton Many southerners thought that cotton was essential to the world’s economy. Southerners sold tons of cotton to Great Britain and to northeastern textile mills. Increased cotton trade led to the growth of southern port cities, such as Charleston, South Carolina, and New Orleans, Louisiana. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 25

26 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 26
B. Factors Crop brokers called factors managed the cotton trade. Arranged loans for cotton farmers to buy supplies Arranged transport of cotton from southern port cities to markets © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 26

27 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 27
C. Shipping Cotton Most southern farmers used rivers to ship cotton to port cities. Overland shipping was difficult because the South had few roads and canals and few miles of railroads. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 27

28 II. Agricultural Diversity
Cotton Corn Sugarcane Wheat Rice © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 28

29 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 29
A. New Methods Scientific agriculture – the use of scientific methods to improve farming Use of fertilizers and crop rotation maintained soil fertility © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 29

30 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 30
B. New Crops Some southerners worried about the South’s dependence on cotton. Argued that overproduction was driving down cotton prices Southern farmers also grew corn, rice, sugarcane, and wheat as food crops © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 30

31 RICE FIELD Source:

32 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 32
B. New Crops Jean Étienne Boré invented a new system for processing sugar in 1795. Louisiana became the center of the sugar industry in the United States. Other southern crops included tobacco, hemp, and flax. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 32

33 Jean Étienne Boré Source:

34 III. Southern Factories
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 34

35 III. Southern Factories
Southern industries, such as lumbering, served the needs of southern farmers. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 35

36 III. Southern Factories
Most early southern factories processed crops. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 36

37 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 37
C. Manufacturing Joseph R. Anderson manufactured iron products at the Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond, Virginia. By 1860 the Tredegar Iron Works was one of the nation’s most productive iron works. Most southerners preferred to invest in land and slaves to grow cash crops instead of investing in industry. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 37

38 Source: http://www.vahistorical.org/sva2003/tred.jpg

39 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 39
C. Manufacturing As a result, the South’s industrial growth lagged behind that of the North. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 39

40 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 40
14.3 Southern Society Objectives: Describe what life was like for southern planters and owners of small farms. Analyze what the urban South was like. Examine the challenges free African Americans faced in the South. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 40

41 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 41
I. The Planters © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 41

42 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 42
A. Slave Ownership About one third of white southern families had slaves in the first half of the 1800s. Even fewer southern families owned plantations © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 42

43 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 43
B. Planters’ Lives Planters exercised control over southern politics and the economy. Men usually focused on raising crops and supervising slaves. Women usually ran the household and supervised domestic slaves; women also usually handled the family’s social responsibilities. Many marriages were arranged to gain business advantages. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 43

44 II. Southern Society and Culture
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 44

45 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 45
A. Small Farmers Yeomen – owners of small farms – made up the majority of southern farmers. Typically held few if any slaves; farms averaged about 100 acres Yeomen who held slaves often worked side by side with them in the fields. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 45

46 II. Southern Society and Culture
Less than 10 percent of white southerners owned no land 10% © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 46

47 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 47
C. Culture Religion was central to southern life. Some wealthy southerners used religion to justify the institution of slavery. Most southern writers greatly romanticized southern culture and plantation life. In the mid-1800s some southern writers, including Samuel Clemens, or Mark Twain, provided a more balanced view of southern society. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 47

48 Mark Twain Source:

49 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 49
III. The Urban South © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 49

50 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 50
A. Southern Cities City governments provided public water systems and maintained streets. Some cities also provided public education. Charities helped fund services such as orphanages and public libraries. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 50

51 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 51
B. Slaves in the Cities Worked in mills, in shipyards, as domestic servants, and at skilled jobs Many business leaders held slaves or hired them from nearby plantations. Urban white southerners more likely to hold slaves than rural white southerners. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 51

52 IV. Free African Americans
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 52

53 IV. Free African Americans
In 1860 more than half of all free African Americans lived in the South. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 53

54 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 54
B. Earning a Living Many free African Americans worked as skilled artisans in urban areas. Those living in rural areas often hired out their services to plantations. A few free African Americans became financially successful. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 54

55 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 55
C. Society Churches served as the center of social life for free African Americans. Free African Americans faced constant discrimination. Many southern cities and states passed laws denying free African Americans the right to vote, travel freely, or hold certain jobs. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 55

56 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 56
14.4 The Slave System Objectives: Explain what work and daily life were like for most slaves. Describe how slaves used family, religion and other aspects of their culture to help them cope with the slave system. Identify ways that enslaved African Americans challenged the slave system. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 56

57 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 57
I. Slaves and Work © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 57

58 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 58
A. Hard Work Most slaveholders tried to get as much work as possible out of slaves. Slaves on small farms performed a variety of tasks. On large plantations, most slaves performed specific tasks. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 58

59 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 59
A. Hard Work The majority of slaves did field work. Drivers, who were sometimes slaves, made certain that slaves worked and followed orders and carried out punishment for slaves who did not. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 59

60 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 60
B. Gang Labor Most plantations used the gang labor system, in which all workers performed the same task at the same time. Usually worked from sunup to sundown © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 60

61 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 61
I. Slaves and Work Domestic slaves often received better food and clothing than field hands but also worked longer hours. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 61

62 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 62
I. Slaves and Work At times, slaves with skills such as blacksmithing were allowed to hire out their services, and some skilled slaves earned enough money to buy their freedom. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 62

63 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 63
II. Life under Slavery © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 63

64 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 64
II. Life under Slavery Slaveholders tended to view slaves as property, not as people. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 64

65 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 65
B. Life’s Necessities Slaves often tried to improve the poor clothing and small cabins they were given. When allowed, many slaves supplemented their food rations by growing vegetables, raising chickens, gathering berries, or fishing. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 65

66 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 66
C. Incentives to Work Some planters offered better food or shelter to encourage slaves to follow rules. Other planters used harsh punishments. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 66

67 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 67
II. Life under Slavery Many states had strict slave codes to control slaves and limit their actions. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 67

68 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 68
III. Slave Culture © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 68

69 www.nevadamercantile.com/. ../Section%2016A.htm
 In 1763, two British astronomers, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, were hired to resolve a dispute between the Calvert family, who owned the colony of Maryland, and the Penn family, who owned the colony of Pennsylvania, over their respective boundary. In 1767, the Mason-Dixon line divided Maryland from Pennsylvania and Delaware to the satisfaction of all concerned. Pennsylvania and neighboring New Jersey, thanks in large part to their Quaker citizenry, had all but abolished slavery. Maryland and Delaware were the most northern of the slave-owning states. Thus, the Mason-Dixon Line has come to represent the boundary between the Free States of the Northern Nation and the Slave States of the Southern Nation. ../Section%2016A.htm

70 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 70
A. Family Life Slaves built their own communities and culture. Family was the central institution of slave life. Enslaved parents passed down family histories and used folktales, or stories with a moral, to teach children how to survive life as a slave. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 70

71 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 71
B. Religion Many slaves accepted Christianity, which offered a message of equality. Spirituals, emotional Christian songs that blended African and European music, were expressions of slaves’ religious beliefs. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 71

72 IV. Challenging Slavery
© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 72

73 IV. Challenging Slavery
Slaves rebelled in small ways, such as running away for a few days. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 73

74 B. Nat Turner’s Rebellion
Violent slave rebellions were rare, although white southerners feared them. Nat Turner, a Virginia slave, led a violent slave revolt in 1831. In Nat Turner’s Rebellion, a group of slaves killed about 60 white people. The rebellion failed, Turner was executed, and states enacted stricter slave codes. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 74

75 The massacre during Nat Turner's Rebellion
CREDIT: "Horrid Massacre in Virginia." Woodcut. . Illustration in Authentic and Impartial Narrative of the Tragical Scene Which Was Witnessed in Southampton County Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress. Source:


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