2. Date: January 24, 2013 Topic: Mid-Term Review Aim: How can we successfully review for our Mid-Term Exam? Do Now: Multiple Choice Questions.

3. ENLIGHTENMENT – A NEW INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENT THAT STRESSED REASON AND THOUGHT AND THE POWER OF INDIVIDUALS TO SOLVE PROBLEMS. WHAT DOES THIS SOUND LIKE?

4. HOW DO HOBBES VIEWS DIFFER FROM LOCKES? HOW DO MONTESQUIEU’S VIEWS CONFLICT WITH THOSE OF ABSOLUTE GOVERNMENTS? DO YOU AGREE WITH ROUSEEAU? WHY?

5. Definition  Enlightened Despots – absolute rulers who used their power to reform society. MARIA THERESA OF AUSTRIA – ENLIGHTENED DESPOT #1 JOSEPH II OF AUSTRIA ENLIGHTENED DESPOT #2 CATHERINE THE GREAT OF RUSSIA. ENLIGHTENED DESPOT #3

6. CAUSES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION  2.) SOCIAL INEQUALITY 3RD HOW DOES THIS CHART ILLUSTRATE THE SOCIAL INEQUALITIES IN FRANCE ON THE EVE OF REVOLUTION?

7. Napoleon’s Achievements  The Economy  Napoleon controlled prices, supported new industry, and built roads and canals.  Education  Napoleon established a government supervised public school system.  Napoleonic Code  A legal code that included many Enlightenment ideas.  Ex: legal equality of citizens and religious toleration.

8. The Congress of Vienna  Congress of Vienna  meeting in 1815 following Napoleon’s defeat, to devise a peace settlement. European leaders agreed to restore order and stability throughout Europe.  Key People  Prince Klemens von Metternich (Austria) – wanted to restore Europe to the way it was following the French Revolution.  Alexander I (Russia) – wanted to create an alliance of Christian monarchs to suppress future revolutions.  Lord Castlereagh (England) – wanted to prevent France fro rebuilding military forces.  Maurice Talleyrand (France) – wanted France to obtain equal footing with the rest of Europe.

9.  France  King Louis Philippe’s government was denounced as corrupt prompting a new revolution in 1848.  A republic was established in France.  Upper and middle class interests gained control of the government putting down a workers rebellion in Paris.  The fighting left bitter feelings between the working class and middle class. Revolutions of 1848

10. It is not by means and speeches and majority resolutions that the great issues of the day will be decided-that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849-but by blood and iron. REALPOLITIK – “THE POLITICS OF REALITY”

12. INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION  The movement away from rural life began with the Agrarian Revolution, a change in methods of farming.  This led to greater food production.

13. Increased Food Production  2.) The British discovered new ways to produce new food.  Ex: Jethro Tull – seed drill.drill I’m Jethro Tull and I invented the seed drill.

14. B.) Enclosure Movement  Enclosure – taking over and fencing off land that once had been shared by peasant farmers.  The purpose was to replace the many small strip farms with larger fields.  This made farming more efficient, improving agricultural production. LARGER FIELDS

15. Population Explosion  The Agrarian Revolution led to rapid population growth.  Women had healthier and stronger babies.  Improved medical care and sanitation helped people live longer.  1700’s: Europe’s population increased from 120 million to 190 million.

16. MARXIST SOCIALISM  German philosopher Karl Marx promoted a more radical theory, “scientific socialism.” In 1848, Marx and German economist Friedrich Engels explained their ideas, listed here, in The Communist Manifesto.  History was a struggle between wealthy capitalists and the working class, or proletariat.  In order to make profits, the capitalists took advantage of the proletariat.  The proletariat would eventually rise up and overthrow the capitalist system, creating their own society.  The proletariat society would take control of the means of production and establish a classless, communist society, in which wealth and power would be equally shared. KARL MARX FRIEDRICH ENGELS

17. What does balance of trade mean? How else might the government regulate business? Laissez-Faire -

18. Adam Smith  Wealth of Nations  Invisible Hand  People work for self interest  Society naturally benefits  Lassiez Faire  Government does not interfere with business “hands off”

19. With new technology came the need for the investment of large amounts of money in businesses. To acquire this money, business owners sold stocks, or shares in their companies, to investors. Each stockholder therefore owned a part of the company. Stockholders allowed businesses to form corporations and expand into many areas. Why with new technology come the need for investment?

21. Imperialism  Imperialism  Imperialism – the domination by one country of the political, economic, or social life of another country.  Where have we seen this before? CORTEZ AND THE AZTECS COLUMBUS AND THE NATIVES OF NORTH AMERICA

22. 4.) White Man’s Burden  Rudyard Kipling’s poem offered a justification for imperialism.  Kipling expressed the idea that white imperialists had a moral duty to educate people in nations they considered less developed.  Missionaries spread western ideas, customs, and religions to people in Africa and Asia. HOW DOES THIS CARTOON REFLECT WHITE MANS BURDEN?