1. Water Chemistry in Steam Generators: Opportunities for Investigation IAPWS Workshop – Canadian National Committee 11 May 2009

2. Proprietary and Confidential Who Is B&W Supercritical Boilers Baghouses Wet Scrubbers Pulp & Paper Renewables Small Industrial Boilers Subcritical Boilers Nuclear Steam Generators Dry Scrubbers SCR Systems Replacement Parts Auxiliary Equipment Construction Electric Utilities Nuclear Services Customers Utility Companies Industries Pulp & Paper Mills Original Equipment Supercritical Boilers Subcritical Boilers Small Industrial “Package” Boilers Nuclear Steam Generators Environmental Equipment Baghouses/Fabric Filters Particulate Control Systems Wet/Dry SO 2 Scrubbers Selective Catalytic NOx Reduction (SCR) Aftermarket Products/Services Construction Replacement Parts Plant Upgrades Manufacturing.2

3. Proprietary and Confidential © 2007 The Babcock & Wilcox Company. All rights reserved..3 We Wrote The Book… Steam: Its Generation and Use

4. Proprietary and Confidential History of Babcock & Wilcox in Canada

5. Proprietary and Confidential © 2007 The Babcock & Wilcox Company. All rights reserved..5 Opportunities in Steam Generation Schematic - Nuclear Steam Generator

6. Proprietary and Confidential © 2007 The Babcock & Wilcox Company. All rights reserved..6 Opportunities in Steam Generation Stress Corrosion Cracking Intergranular Attack

7. Proprietary and Confidential © 2007 The Babcock & Wilcox Company. All rights reserved..7 Opportunities in Steam Generation Schematic - Utility Radiant Boiler

8. Proprietary and Confidential © 2007 The Babcock & Wilcox Company. All rights reserved..8 Opportunities in Steam Generation Schematic - Oil & Gas Fired Industrial Boiler

9. Proprietary and Confidential © 2007 The Babcock & Wilcox Company. All rights reserved..9 Opportunities in Steam Generation Long Term Overheat/Creep

10. Proprietary and Confidential © 2007 The Babcock & Wilcox Company. All rights reserved..10 Opportunities in Steam Generation Long Term Overheat/Creep

11. Proprietary and Confidential © 2007 The Babcock & Wilcox Company. All rights reserved..11 Opportunities in Steam Generation

12. Proprietary and Confidential © 2007 The Babcock & Wilcox Company. All rights reserved..12 Opportunities in Steam Generation

13. Proprietary and Confidential © 2007 The Babcock & Wilcox Company. All rights reserved..13 Opportunities in Steam Generation Steam Generator Water Treatment Initiatives  Nuclear Steam Generation All volatile treatment (AVT) Advanced amines for pH control Polymer dispersants for deposition control  Thermal Steam Generation Congruent phosphate treatment Reducing AVT Equilibrium phosphate Polymer dispersants/ Oxygenated treatment (OT)  Few Initiatives over the Last 10-Years

14. Proprietary and Confidential © 2007 The Babcock & Wilcox Company. All rights reserved..14 Opportunities in Steam Generation Deposition/Fouling Research Needs  Oxide Growth/Corrosion Product Generation (CPG)  Corrosion Product Transport (CPT) Filterable/Non-filterable materials Sampling  Steam Generator (Boiler) Fouling (SGF) Systematic study of variables Hard collars versus loose sludge Influence of silica (slippage through water treatment plant/role in deposition, etc.)

15. Proprietary and Confidential © 2007 The Babcock & Wilcox Company. All rights reserved..15 Opportunities in Steam Generation Example of a Hard Collar

16. Proprietary and Confidential © 2007 The Babcock & Wilcox Company. All rights reserved..16 Opportunities in Steam Generation Variables to be Considered in Deposition Studies  Heat Flux  Fluid Velocity  Particle Concentration  Filterable/Non-Filterable Materials  Chemical Treatment and Impurities  Surface Roughness  Flow  Particle Size Distribution  Temperature

17. Proprietary and Confidential © 2007 The Babcock & Wilcox Company. All rights reserved..17 Opportunities in Steam Generation Oxide Formation/Dissolution/Exfoliation Oxide on Austenitic Material Supercritical Conditions Oxide on Austenitic Material Supercritical Conditions

18. Proprietary and Confidential Opportunities in Steam Generation Oxide formation in steam generator environment Oxides on Alloy 690 after exposure in AVT water (a) and AVT water+830ppm SO4 (b) for 1000 hr at 282C (a) (b)

19. Proprietary and Confidential © 2007 The Babcock & Wilcox Company. All rights reserved..19 Opportunities in Steam Generation Role/Nature of Organics  Boiler Tolerance for Individual Organic Compounds  Effects on Deposition Process Deposit enhancers Deposit inhibitors Resulting deposit morphology  Thermal Stability/Decomposition Products Nature of decomposition products Steam partitioning  Effects on Boiler Performance Effects on nucleate boiling Foaming characteristics

20. Proprietary and Confidential © 2007 The Babcock & Wilcox Company. All rights reserved..20 Opportunities in Steam Generation Boiler Carryover in a Superheater Tube

21. Proprietary and Confidential © 2007 The Babcock & Wilcox Company. All rights reserved..21 Opportunities in Steam Generation Integrated Exposure/Crevice Chemistry  Integrated Exposure Concept Relative assessment of impurities collecting in crevices Being used on a relatively simplistic basis at many plants Improved correlations would be useful  CPG/CPT/SGF  Role of Organics  Steam Partitioning  Examine/Improve Crevice Chemistry Predictive Codes EPRI MULTEQ AECL ChemSolv™