1. 1 CO 2 from capture to storage Gérard FRIES Executive Vice-President Institut Français du Pétrole

2. 2 Evolution of CO 2 concentration in the atmosphere Source : IPCC PPM

3. 3 Scenarios of Carbon Emission Evolution Source : IPCC

4. 4 Repartition of CO 2 emissions Power production 39% Other Industries 22% Transport 23% Agriculture 2% Residential 10% Tertiary 4% Source : ENERDATA

5. 5 Solutions Improving energy efficiency Switch from low to high hydrogen content fossil fuels (from coal to natural gas) Substitution of fossil fuels by renewables and/or nuclear energy Capture, transport and storage of CO 2

6. 6 Fuel Combustion CO 2 Extraction CO 2 Flue gases Air N 2 /H 2 O CO 2 capture from industrial plants Existing plants Large volume of gases with diluted CO 2 Post-combustion capture

7. 7 Combustion Fuel Cryogenic distillation Air O2O2 H2OH2O Condensation H 2 O CO 2 CO 2 /H 2 O Oxyfuel combustion CO 2 capture from industrial plants New plants Lower volume of gases with concentrated CO 2

8. 8 Air H2H2 N 2 /H 2 O CO 2 Steam reforming ATR POx Shift reactor Extraction CO 2 Combustion Fuel CO 2 capture from industrial plants New plants The way to hydrogen Pre-combustion capture ATR : autothermal reforming POx : partial oxidation 0 2 /H 2 0

9. 9 Electricity generation Electricity Shift-conversion Water Production Synthesis gas Natural gas Heavy oil Coal Biomass Oxygen Water Liquid hydrocarbons Fischer-Tropsch synthesis separation Hydrogen CO 2  storage H 2 / CO 2 Hydrogen and power generation with CO 2 capture and storage

10. 10 Transport of CO 2  no specific regulation  transport under supercritical phase  risks of corrosion USA: several thousand of km of pipes delivering CO 2 to EOR (Enhance Oil Recovery) operations

11. 11 CO 2 geological storage 500 - 10 000 Gt 1 000 Gt 40 Gt Unmineable coal Saline aquifer Depleted oil & gas reservoirs Salt dome Pour la Science CO 2 plant CO 2 well CO 2 pipe CO 2 platform CO 2 droplets CO 2 lake CO 2 ship solid CO 2

12. 12 CO 2 geological storage Hydrocarbon reservoirs (oil and gas)  proven to be tight (to non reactive gas)  geological traps  well-known objects  possible benefit through Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery (EOR / EGR) Saline Aquifers  huge porous volume: the biggest place for storage  no drinkable water  largely distributed  generally poorly investigated Coals seams  strong adsorption of CO 2  possible benefit through E Coal Bed Methane (ECBM)  low permeability and porous volume

13. 13 Geological storage: technical challenges Verification of the confinement Control of the storage and surroundings Storage optimisation Numerical modelling: regional scale, long time (1000 years) reservoir scale, short time (20-40 years) Monitoring

14. 14 An example of industrial operation: Sleipner

15. 15 An example of industrial operation: Sleipner Sleipner CO 2 injection seismic monitoring Preliminary comparison of 1994 and 1999 data

16. 16 Main opportunities IEA-GHG

17. 17 Some future initiatives for CO 2 capture & storage in Europe & mediterranean basin CASTOR EU project: - Spain: offshore oil reservoir (Casablanca) - Norway: offshore aquifer (Snohvit) - Austria: offshore gas field (Lindach) - Netherlands: gas fields CO 2 SINK EU project: - Germany: onshore aquifer (Berlin) IN-SALAH (Algeria) RECOPOL EU project: - Poland: coal seams (Katowice) Possible new project: - Tarnow: EOR

18. 18 Capture & sorage of CO 2 : economic issues Flue gases Separationtransport Geological storage 30 - 50 $/t 8 - 10 $/t 0.7 - 4 $/t per 100 km 2 - 8 $/t Compression Injection Cost reduction Evaluation of capacity 20 $/t ? Total : 40 $/t to 70 $/t CO 2

19. 19 Cost reduction Optimisation of storage capacity Security of the storage Acceptance of the concept R&D efforts Improve the knowledge on physical and chemical processes for CO 2 storage Real-site validation / demonstration Development of new cost effective separation techniques The targets CO 2 capture & storage: the future

20. 20 Future prospects and opportunities Eliminate gas flaring Produce hydrogen, power and clean fuels without CO 2 emissions Use CO 2 for EOR applications: specially the North Sea Benefits from emissions credits for CO 2 reinjection