1. Nuclear Energy in Korea
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
Ambassador for Energy and Resources
KIM Eun-seok

2. Contents PartⅠ. Nuclear Energy Overview PartⅡ. Nuclear Energy in Korea
Current Status of Nuclear Energy
Why Nuclear Energy?
PartⅡ. Nuclear Energy in Korea
Development of Nuclear Energy in Korea
Nuclear Policy
Nuclear Industries in Korea
The presentation will be divided into two parts:
The first part aims to provide a brief insight into the nuclear energy on global scale, and the second part is to explore aspects of nuclear energy in Korea. 2

3. PartⅠ. Nuclear Energy Overview

4. Current Status of Global Nuclear Power1
Current Status of Global Nuclear Power 2
Why Nuclear Energy?

5. WNA Projection: 559 operable reactors in 2030!
1. Current Status of Nuclear Power
441 Units in Operation (30 Countries)
441 Units in Operation (30 Countries)
Europe
196
Asia
115
N.America
122
Africa 2
There are currently 441 reactors operated in 30 countries across the world.
The figure is expected to grow sharply, with at least 559 operable reactors projected in 2030.
L.America 6
In operation: 441
Under construction: 58
Planned: 148
Proposed: 331
WNA Projection: 559 operable reactors in 2030!
Source: World Nuclear Association (Nov 2010) 5

6. Electricity Generation (%)
1. Current Status of Nuclear Power
Nuclear Power Plants by Country ( )
Units in Operation
Electricity Generation (%)
USA
104
20.2%
France 58
75.2%
Japan 55
28.9%
Russia 32
17.8%
Korea 20
34.8% UK 19
17.9%
India
2.2%
Canada 18
14.8%
Germany 17
26.1%
Ukraine 15
48.6%
China 13
1.9%
This slide shows the number of nuclear power plants and the electricity generation share in each major nuclear energy producing country. As you can see from this slide, most major countries in the world operate nuclear reactors.
Source: World Nuclear Association (Nov 2010) 6

7. Uranium: 240 yrs vs Fossil Fuel: 40-130 yrs
2. Why Nuclear Energy?
Uranium: 240 yrs vs Fossil Fuel: yrs
Oil
Natural Gas
Coal
Uranium
Availability
42 years
60 years
133 years
241 years
Reserves
164.5 Billion Ton
181
Trillion m3
909
Billion Ton 16
Million Ton
Nuclear energy is emerging as a viable solution to address the concerns caused by the limited fossil fuel reserves and the climate change. Here, I have identified four major reasons for using nuclear energy.
First reason is the outstanding reserve-production ratio of nuclear energy.
As demonstrated in the table, high density of uranium allows it to supply energy for the longest period of time in spite of its relatively small reserve. 7

8. GHGs emitted by power generation
2. Why Nuclear Energy?
Environmentally Friendly: : Less CO2 Emission
GHGs emitted by power generation
CO2 Emission (g/kWh)
Coal
Oil
Gas NE
Second of all, it is environmentally friendly with significantly less CO2 emission compared to fossil fuels.
In order to generate 1 kwh, nuclear energy only emits 10g of CO2, which is 1% of what would be emitted by coal.
If there were no nuclear power, the world’s total CO2 emission would increase by 10%, and by 24% in Korea. These figures illustrate that nuclear energy is the most practical alternative for the reduction of GHGs in response to the climate change.
Without NPP …
- Global CO2 emission would be 10% larger than the current level
- In Korea, 24%↑ 8

9. ◊ Land Site: 5~500 times less
2. Why Nuclear Energy?
Comparative Advantage: Cost, Land & Efficiency
◊ Production Cost: 3~25 times lower than conventional energy
Nuclear
Coal
Hydro
Wind
Oil
LNG
Solar
39.4
40.9
93.6
107.3
117.0
128.3
677.4
※ Unit: KRW/KWH, Source: Korean Electric Power Corporation
◊ Land Site: 5~500 times less
In addition, nuclear has the best production efficiency in terms of cost and land.
The production cost of nuclear energy is 3 to 25 times lower than that of other conventional energy sources and a required landsite is 5 to 500 times less.
165,000,000 m2
33,000,000 m2
330,000 m2
Landsite to produce 1 GWh electricity 9

10. 2. Why Nuclear Energy? Energy Security
Uranium: Widely spread vs. Fossil fuel: dependent on ME & Russia
Last reason is from the energy security perspective.
Unlike fossil fuels that are highly dependent on Middle East and Russia, uranium is found in many countries across the world.
oil
coal
uranium 10

11. PartⅡ. Nuclear Energy in Korea
Now let’s move on to the overview of nuclear energy in Korea.

12. Development of Nuclear Energy in Korea1
Development of Nuclear Energy in Korea 2
Nuclear Policy
In this section, we will see how Nuclear Energy in Korea has developed including Nuclear power plants and Korean Nuclear Reactor System. Also, current status of nuclear energy will be covered along with the Nuclear policy Vision of Korea and Nuclear Industries. 3
Nuclear Industries

13. 1. Development of Nuclear Energy in Korea
Dawning of Nuclear Age in Korea
: Korean War
1958: Nuclear Eng. Dept of Hanyang Univ.
1959: Nuclear Eng. Dept of Seoul National Univ.
1959: Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute
The 1st Research Reactor in Korea, TRIGA Mark II
The 1st president of Korea in the ground breaking ceremony ( )
5 years after the Korean war, the first nuclear engineering department was established in one year later, Korea atomic energy research institute was founded along with the establishment of first research reactor “TRIIGA Mark 2”. 13

14. 1. Development of Nuclear Energy in Korea
Generating Nuclear Electricity in Korea
Kori - the site of the 1st Korean NPP :
before (top) and now (bottom).
1st unit of Nuclear power plant started its construction
in 1972
Turn Key basis
587MWe
Commercial operation in 1978
Life extension after 30 years operation ( )
we began to build the first unit in 1972, and from 1978, it started to operate. 14

15. 1. Development of Nuclear Energy in Korea
Nuclear Power Plants
1. Development of Nuclear Energy in Korea
6th Largest Nuclear Power Capacity in the World
Ulchin
8 units `
In operation
20 units
(17,716 MW)
Wolseong
6 units `
Under
construction
8 units
(9,600 MW)
Radioactive Waste Disposal Facility
(Under construction)
Kori
8 units `
Under
planning
10 units
(15,400 MW)
Here, you can see the locations of the nuclear plant sites in Korea.
We have four nuclear sites, Kori, Wolseong, Ulchin and Yonggwang.
20 nuclear power plants are in operation and 8 units are under construction.
10 more units are being planned and will be constructed by Korea is the 6th largest nuclear operating country in the world, following the US, France, Japan, Russia and Germany.
Yong-gwang
6 units
Goal by 2030 (Basic Plan, )
26%  41% of Capacity
36%  59% of Generation
In Operation
Under Construction 15 15

16. 1. Development of Nuclear Energy in Korea
Installed Capacity & Electricity Generation )
As a result of the development that we’ve seen earlier, nuclear energy accounted for 24% of installed capacity and 36% of electricity generation in 2007. 16 16

17. 1. Development of Nuclear Energy in Korea
NPP Development
Korea’s nuclear power development started in 1970s, and has reached the present status through three phases of localization. It began with turnkey approach in 1970s with the deployment of the first NPP, and then moved on to the accumulation of NPP technology through local-foreign joint ventures, and finally attained self-reliance in late 1990s. 17

18. 1. Development of Nuclear Energy in Korea
South Korean Nuclear Power Units
This slide shows South Korean nuclear power units which were conducted by both domestic and foreign companies.
Source: Nuclear News. World List of Nuclear Power Plants, March 2009 18

19. 1. Development of Nuclear Energy in Korea
Korean Nuclear Reactor Systems
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
2030s
1st Phase : Gen II
2nd Phase : Gen III
3rd Phase : Gen III+
4th Phase : Gen IV
Turn-key base
600 MWe
Standardization (KSNP)
Optimization (OPR1000)
1,000 MWe
Evolutionary PWRs
- APR1400
- SMART(330MWt)
Revolutionary
- SFR : U recycle and
waste minimization
- VHTR : Hydrogen
production
Localization
Here, you can see the localization process of Korean nuclear reactor systems. Our own nuclear power plant models include OPR1000 and APR1400.
※ SFR: Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor
VHTR: Very High Temperature Reactor 19

20. 2. Nuclear Policy Basic Direction
National Nuclear Policy
Basic Direction
Promoting Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy
Securing Nuclear Safety
Enhancing Nuclear Transparency
4 Principles on the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy (2004)
No intention to develop and possess nuclear weapons
Adherence to the principle of nuclear transparency
Compliance with the international norms of nuclear nonproliferation
Expansion of the peaceful uses of nuclear energy
The basic direction is promoting peaceful use of nuclear energy, securing nuclear safety, and enhancing nuclear transparency. Our national nuclear policy emphasizes especially the peaceful use of nuclear energy in all nuclear fields, and 4 principles on the peaceful uses of nuclear energy were announced in 2004.
Peaceful uses of nuclear energy in all nuclear fields 20 20

21. 2. Nuclear Policy Nuclear Related Government Structure
President
Prime Minister
Atomic Energy Commission
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MOFAT)
Ministry of Education, Science & Technology (MEST)
Nuclear Safety Commission
Ministry of Knowledge
& Economy (MKE)
Energy & Resources Policy Office
Energy Team
Atomic Energy
Bureau
As you can see from this government structure, there are 3 ministries under president and prime minister, which are ministry of foreign affairs and trade, ministry of education, science & technology, and ministry of knowledge and economy. All these 3 ministries are closely related to nuclear energy. Also 2 institutes are working for further research.
Korea Atomic Energy
Research Institute
(KAERI)
Disarmament and Nonproliferation Division
Korea Institute of
Nuclear Safety
(KINS)
KEPCO, KHNP 21

22. Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST)
2. Nuclear Policy
Working Mechanism of Safety Regulation
Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST)
Apply for Permit or License
Request Technical Review
Issue Permit or License
Submit Technical Evaluation Results
Technical Discussion & Inspection
KINS
(Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety)
This general working mechanism is to secure and regulate the safe use of nuclear energy.
Ministry of education, science and technology (MEST) and nuclear industries and KINS are interacting to ensure nuclear safety. Their tasks are mainly about permit and license, technical inspection and correction, and also review and evaluation.
Nuclear Industries (KHNP, etc)
Inspection & Correction
Findings & Improvement 22

23. Increased Clean Energy Supply
2. Nuclear Policy
Energy Vision 2030
Increased Clean Energy Supply
Green-Driven Growth
Coping with Climate Change
Energy Intensity:
Oil Dependence: 43.4% %
Renewable Energy Use: 2.4% %
Actively Joining International Efforts for GHG Reduction
Improving Efficiency
Establishing an Effective Energy Market
with Cost-Based Pricing
Increasing Use of Renewable Energy
Expanding and Promoting
Nuclear Power Generation
Firm Foundation for Green Energy Tech
Facilitating Carbon Market
Supporting Businesses for GHG Cuts
Green Transformation in Major Industries
Elevating Korea’s Green Technologies
to the Advanced countries’ Level
An Energy-Conscious Society
In 2008, ‘Energy Vision 2030’ was established to provide a direction for Korea’s future energy policy.
Main points include:
Improve energy efficiency from to in terms of energy intensity
Increase clean energy consumption and decrease oil dependence
Steer green-driven growth
Cope with climate change
Within such vision, the role of nuclear energy will become more important. 23 23

24. Expansion of clean and self sufficient energy Reduction of fossil fuel
2. Nuclear Policy
Korea’s Energy Mix 2007 → 2030
Renewable & etc
2.5%
Renewable & etc
11.5%
Coal
15.7%
Nuclear
14.9%
Coal
25.3%
LNG
13.8%
Nuclear
27.8%
Oil
33.0%
Oil
43.4%
LNG 12.0%
2007 : 241millionTOE
2030 : 300millionTOE
Expansion of clean and self sufficient energy
Reduction of fossil fuel
In August 2008, the National Long-Term Energy Plan announced that the share of nuclear energy in energy mix will increase from 15% in 2007 to 28% in 2030, while the share of fossil fuels such as oil, coal and LNG will decrease from 83% to 61%.
83%
27.8%
Nuclear
61%
Oil
43.4
14.9%
33.0
New & renewable
11%
Coal
25.3
2.4%
15.7
LNG
13.8
12.0
’07
’30
’07
’30 24 24 24

25. Expanding and Promoting Nuclear Power Generation
2. Nuclear Policy
Expected Change by 2030
Expanding and Promoting Nuclear Power Generation
8 units under construction, 10 more units by 2030
Installed capacity : 24.4% in 2007 →41% by 2030
Electricity generation : 36% in 2007 → 60% by 2030
This slide shows the summary of Korea’s nuclear energy policy targets.
18 more units are supposed to run by 2030.
The share of nuclear capacity is expected to increase from 24.4% in 2007 to 41% by 2030, and the share of electricity generation by nuclear from 36% in 2007 to 60% by 2030. 25

26. Unplanned Capability Loss Factor
3. Nuclear Industries
World’s Best Operation Performance
KHNP
Capacity Factor
Unplanned Capability Loss Factor
Also, according to the “Nucleonics Week” published in March of 2009, Korea’s capacity factor recorded 93.3% as of 2008 which is 14% higher than the world average, better than other nuclear power supplier countries. And for the unplanned Capability Loss Factor, Korea marked the lowest with 0.8 % per year which is also far less than that of major countries.
These two facts show that Korean NPPs are performing outstandingly in their operation. 26 26

27. 3. Nuclear Industries KHNP Cost Competitiveness of APR1400
※ Source: World Nuclear News (World Nuclear Association, 2008)
$2,050
as of 2008
$2,900
$2,800
$3,050
APR1400
AP1000
ABWR
EPR
ACR1000
VVER1000
$3,582
USA
RUS
JPN
FRA
CAN
KOR
Overnight EPC Cost
KHNP
Unit Construction Cost ($/kWe)
3.03¢
4.65¢
6.86¢
3.93¢
3.71¢
3.17¢
※ Source: Projected Costs of Generating Electricity (OECD/NEA, 2005)
APR1400
AP1000
ABWR
EPR
ACR1000
VVER1000
USA
RUS
JPN
FRA
CAN
KOR
According to the World Nuclear Association data in 2008, the capital expenditure of recent projects has been released on an overnight EPC cost basis.
As you can see in the graph, when compared with major nuclear countries, the EPC cost of the Korean APR1400 project is outstandingly competitive in terms of both unit construction cost and unit generation cost.
※ Overnight EPC Cost: EPC(Engineering Procurement Construction) + Owner’s costs
(Excluding such as financing, labor cost and inflation)
Unit Generation Cost (cents/kWh) 27 27

28. Research and Development
3. Nuclear Industries
Korean Nuclear Industry
Regulatory Body
Leading Company
Ministry of Education,
Science & Technology
Research and Development
Brand Power
Leading Role
Financing Capability
Global Experience
Nuclear Safety
Licensing
Inspection
KEPCO has a robust nuclear supply chain for the entire nuclear cycle. Thirty years of repetitive construction has fostered competitive suppliers in engineering, equipment manufacturing, nuclear fuel fabrication, construction, commissioning, operation and maintenance. KEPCO and its nuclear family are now supplying services and equipment for nuclear projects in the US, China, Canada, Romania, and more.
Operation & Management
Design & Engineering
Nuclear Fuel
Maintenance & Services
Equipment Manufacturing
Construction
30 years of repetitive construction fostered competitive domestic suppliers in the entire nuclear cycle 28

29. 3. Nuclear Industries HANARO Reactor High-flux Advanced Neutron
Application
ReactOr
Multi-purpose Research Reactor
HANARO is a Korean research reactor model.
As you know, HANARO is used for basic science and technology. It is an abbreviation for “High-flux Advanced Neutron Application Reactor” with multi-purposes. By using HANARO, we perform the post irradiation examination, fuel test and neutron activation analysis and semi-conductor doping.
Feb., 1995 29

30. 3. Nuclear Industries X SMART Characteristics Loop Type PWR
SMART (330MWt) X
RCP
PZR
Reactor
Core
SGC
Integrated Primary System PWR (No LBLOCA)
Physically Inherent Safety Features
Advanced Man-Machine Interface System
Innovative Design
SMART is an abbreviation for “System-integrated Modular Advanced ReacTor”. It is a small and mid-size reactor for both electricity generation and sea water desalination.
This slide shows the comparison of Conventional loop type reactor and SMART integral reactor.
Conventional PWR has a large piping to connect the Reactor vessel and major components, steam generator, MCP (Main Circulation Pipe) and pressurizer.
However, SMART reactor vessel contains all major primary components. With this design concept, we can achieve greatly-enhanced safety and we can improve the economic effectiveness of the plant.
Enhanced Reactor Safety by 10~100 times
Water and electricity for 100,000 people 30 30