1. Energy-Water Nexus: Overview Vincent Tidwell and Michael Hightower Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, New Mexico Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin company, for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. Southwest Renewable Energy Conference Santa Fe, New Mexico September 15, 2010

2. Water for Energy Water production, processing, distribution, and end-use requires energy Energy for Water Thermoelectric Cooling Energy Minerals Extraction/Mining Fuel Processing (fossil fuels, H 2,biofuels) Emission Control Energy and power production requires water Pumping Conveyance Treatment Distribution Use Conditioning

3. Estimated Freshwater Withdrawals by Sector: 320 BGD Livestock 2% Thermoelectric 39% Irrigation 39% Public Supply 14% Industrial 6% Note: Hydropower and saline water uses are not included here! Source: USGS Circular 1268, March, 2004 48% of total daily water withdrawals

4. Source: Solley et al., 1998 U.S. Freshwater Consumption: 100 BGD

5. Thermoelectric Water Consumption in the Continental United States: 2004 MGD

6. Total Water Consumption in the United States: 2004 MGD

7. Energy and Water Tomorrow 70 million more people by 2030 Projected Population GrowthProjected Growth in Electric Power Generation Source: EIA 2004 Projected Growth in non-Ag Water Consumption

8. New Generation Capacity Under Business as Usual 350 new 400 Mw coal- fired plants 150 new 100 Mw gas turbine plants 5 new 1000 Mw nuclear plants 125 new 200 Mw wind/solar plants 89% of new electric power generation capacity is projected to be thermoelectric-based Source: NETL 2006

9. Cooling Technology Scenarios Current Mix Current mix has the highest water use, 236.1 BGD in 2030 and lowest water consumption, 4.3 BGD. Recirculating cooling towers in all new construction and recommissioned plants has the lowest water use, 184.8 BGD but highest consumption,5.0BGD.

10. Oil Shale development will be regional and impact water availability and quality Reserves are in areas of limited water resources Water needed for retorting, steam flushing, and cooling up to 3 gallons per gallon of fuel Concerns over in situ migration of retort by- products and impact on ground water quality

11. Gas Shale development could be extensive and impact water availability and quality Water is used in drilling, completion, and fracturing Up to 3 million gallons of water is needed per well Water recovery can be 20% to 70% Recovered water quality varies – from 10,000 ppm TDS to 100,000 ppm TDS Recovered water is commonly injected into deep wells

12. Joint project conducted by GM and Sandia National Laboratories is the first true value-chain approach to future large-scale biofuels Purpose: Assess feasibility, implications, limitations, and enablers of producing 90 billion gallons ethanol (~60 billion gallons of gasoline-equivalent) per year by 2030 –Ethanol used to illustrate biofuel potential without ruling out alternatives Scope: Focus on ethanol production from residues and energy crops for 2006 to 2030; corn ethanol capped at 15B gallons per year under 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA); cellulosic ethanol production accelerated beyond EISA to enable 90B gallons total production. DistributionConversionStorage and TransportFeedstock

13. No land use change for residues equals 2006 corn ethanol acreage 37 M acres cropland as pasture and idle cropland 37 M acres non- grazed forest land 2030 land use Biofuel Water Use

14. Water Use for Irrigation

15. Water Use for Conversion

16. Projected Increase in Non-Thermoelectric Water Consumption 2004-2030 MGD

17. Exploring the Nexus 1-2 2-10 >10 Supply GW Pumping Ratio of Sustainable Recharge to Groundwater Pumping: 2004

18. Exploring the Nexus 1-2 2-10 >10 Supply Consumption Ratio of Mean Stream Flow to Total Water Consumption:2004

19. Exploring the Nexus 1-2 2-10 >10 Supply Consumption Ratio of 5 th Percentile Stream Flow (Low Flow) to Total Water Consumption: 2004

20. Exploring the Nexus <1 1-1.25 >1.25 Mean Flow Env. Flow Ratio of Mean Stream Flow to Environmental Flow Requirements: 2004

21. Counties Meeting Siting Requirements Siting requirements –Supply vs. demand ratio above 5 –At least one power plant sited in county in 2004 –No more than 5 new plants sited in any one county 20302004

22. Power at Risk due to Low Flow GWh Power at Risk at 5th Percentile Stream Flow : 2004

23. Non-traditional Water Resource Availability Saline AquifersOil and Gas Produced Water

24. Growing Use of Non-Traditional Water Resources Desal growing at 10% per year, waste water reuse at 15% per year Reuse not accounted for in USGS assessments Non-traditional water use is energy intensive (Modified from Water Reuse 2007, EPA 2004, Mickley 2003) Sea Water RO Today The Future Conventional Treatment Brackish RO Brackish NF Power Requirements For Treating (Einfeld 2007)

25. Energy for Water GWh Projected Increase in Demand for Electricity due to Growing Demand for Water: 2004-2030

26. Contact: Vincent Tidwell Sandia National Laboratories PO Box 5800; MS 0735 Albuquerque, NM 87185 (505)844-6025 vctidwe@sandia.gov More Information at: www.sandia.gov/energy-water