1. Geography-Chapter 5 Mineral and power resources. Igneous rocks: Minerals are found after cooling of magma. E.g. Granite and basalt.

2. Sedimentary rocks Rocks made from sediments are small rock broken off from rocks –they reach sea bed and accumulate in layers. Sandstone rocks consists of grains of sand. Limestone is formed from the remains of plants and animals.

3. Metamorphic rocks These rocks have changed by heat and pressure in earth’s crust.E.g limestone is changed into marble and clay is turned into slate. Key terms: Ore: A rock that has large concentration pf a particular mineral is called the ore of that mineral. Metallic and non metallic.

4. . Methods of search and extraction of rocks and minerals. Uses of rocks and minerals Impact of mining on envoronments.

5. Question 1. Is the country you live in mineral rich or mineral poor? 2. Explain your answer to (a) as fully you can.

7. Sedimentary rock in England

8. Weakness between the beds of rocks. Horizontal. Pic 1 Weakness that are vertical. Metallic and Non metallic.

9. Impact of mining on environment. 1. Open cast mining and Deep mining both leads to surface piles of wastes. 2. After the period of heavy rains, the waste heaps can become unstable and flow down slopes. 3. New mines in remote areas need roads and railways for access and transport, building these can lead to clearance of forests and other natural vegetation, which results in loss of wildlife habitats

10. Valuable revenue if mineral/its products are exported - Creates jobs for people - beneficial in poor countries/areas of high unemployment - Wages go into local economy - Increase in local facilities/infrastructure. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Advantages_and_d isadvantages_of_metal_extraction#ixzz27YPu3 nzD

11. DIS: - Lots of dust from mining quarries - Noise pollution from processing/operation/transport of minerals - Air pollution from gases and dust - poisonous carbon monoxide from blast furnace extraction of iron etc. - Mining operations disfigure landscape Health hazards. http://Advantages_and_disadvantages_of_metal_extractio n#ixzz27YQK9WE1 http://Advantages_and_disadvantages_of_metal_extractio n#ixzz27YQK9WE1

12. Bingham copper mine in Rocky mountains in U.S.A. –world’s largest opencast pits

13. Versus Underground Mining

14. Statistic Mining removes 28 % billion tones of soil and rock per year. This is more than that removed by the natural processes of weathering and erosion.

15. A pollution stream flowing from an old mining area: why it is this color?

16. Draw two spider diagrams like the ones shown below, but larger. Add as many more advantages and disadvantages of mining as you can. Provides work Leaves waste heaps on the surface. advantagesdisadvantages

17. Non conventional sources of power Non Conventional Energy sources are those energy sources which are renewable and ecologically safe, such as tidal power, wind power, etc. Nuclear energy Solar energy Wind power Geothermal power Tidal power Biogas tidal power

18. Hydro electric: fast flowing water, such as from a waterfall or below a lake. Geothermal; heat from the ground in area of volcanic activity. Solar: heat from the light of the Sun using panels and photovoltaic cells. wave: force of the sea waves as they break against the coastline. Wind :using tall turbines driven by the force of the wind. Biomass; using fuel wood, crop wastes and animal dung as fuel.

19. Question Are alternate sources of energy being used in your own country? If yes, name them and explain where and why they are being used. If no, explain why they are not being used. Research and find out.

20. Activity 1.Describe how (a) individuals like yourself (b) your parents and families (c) industries like steel companies and (d) authorities responsible for waste collection can help to reduce energy consumption. 2 How electricity is generated in four Asian countries (%)

21. How electricity is generated in four Asian countries? Activity-- ThermalHydr- electricity NuclearGeothermal Coal,oil and gas ------------ --------- Ssudi Arabia100 ------------- ------- Pakistan61.238.00.8------- India81.017.31.7--------- Japan61.19.229.40.3

22. Choose two countries. (a) Draw pie graphs to show the percentages. (b) Suggest reasons for the differences. (c ) How different will the environmental problems between the two countries?

23. Research investigation into energy resources in your home country. (a) What are the main energy problems? (b) Name the alternative sources of energy that are used. ( c) how can the energy problems be reduced? Comment on the use of nuclear energy referring to the after effects of Tsunami in Japan few years ago.

24. Thermal power station with emission of steam coming out of the cooling towers. Figure 1

25. Nuclear power station-Is there any air pollution from it? Figure 2

26. Activity 1.Nuclear power production by regions in 2002 (%) North America33.6 Europe37.6 Russia8.2 Japan11.7 Other in Asia7.6 Others areas of the world1.3

27. (a) Draw a graph to show these percentages. (b) How does the data show that most nuclear power stations are located in developed countries? 2. Look at the power station in figure 1 and 2 Which one is cleaner and more environmentally friendly / Explain your answers as fully as possible.