1. MAJOR ACCIDENT HAZARD IN INDIA WITH GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES
S.S. Gautam
Director (IH)
Central Labour Institute
Mumbai

2. MAJOR ACCIDENT An occurrence such as major emission, fire or explosion
resulting from uncontrolled developments in the course of an industrial activity,
leading to a serious danger to man,
immediate or delayed,
inside or out side the establishment and
involving one or more dangerous substances.

3. EVENTS & POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES
Releases
Toxic
Within the premises
Within and beyond the premises
Flammable with potential to explode
Confined or unconfined vapour cloud explosion
Pool Fires
With or without a potential of BLEVE

4. GROWTH AND DECAY OF CLOUD
Total release time 8 Min
Present scenario: 1 minute after the start of release.

5. GROWTH AND DECAY OF CLOUD
Total release time 8 Min
Present scenario: 2 minute after the start of release.

6. GROWTH AND DECAY OF CLOUD
Total release time 8 Min
Present scenario: 3 minute after the start of release.

7. GROWTH AND DECAY OF CLOUD
Total release time 8 Min
Present scenario: 4 minute after the start of release.

8. GROWTH AND DECAY OF CLOUD
Total release time 8 Min
Present scenario: 5 minute after the start of release.

9. GROWTH AND DECAY OF CLOUD
Total release time 8 Min
Present scenario: 6 minute after the start of release.

10. GROWTH AND DECAY OF CLOUD
Total release time 8 Min
Present scenario: 7minute after the start of release.

11. GROWTH AND DECAY OF CLOUD
Total release time 8 Min
Present scenario: 8 minute after the start of release.
Release stopped

12. GROWTH AND DECAY OF CLOUD
Total release time 8Min
Present scenario: 9 minute after the start of release.

13. GROWTH AND DECAY OF CLOUD
Total release time 8 Min
Present scenario: 10 minute after the start of release.

14. GROWTH AND DECAY OF CLOUD
Total release time 8 Min
Present scenario: 11 minute after the start of release.

15. GROWTH AND DECAY OF CLOUD
Total release time 8 Min
Present scenario: 12 minute after the start of release.

16. GROWTH AND DECAY OF CLOUD
Total release time 8 Min
Present scenario: 13 minute after the start of release.

17. GROWTH AND DECAY OF CLOUD
Total release time 8 Min
Present scenario: 14 minute after the start of release.

18. GROWTH AND DECAY OF CLOUD
Total release time 8 Min
Present scenario: 15 minute after the start of release.

19. GROWTH AND DECAY OF CLOUD
Total release time 8 Min
Present scenario: 16 minute after the start of release.

20. GROWTH AND DECAY OF CLOUD
Total release time 8 Min
Present scenario: 17 minute after the start of release.

21. GROWTH AND DECAY OF CLOUD
Total release time 8 Min
Present scenario: 18 minute after the start of release.

22. GROWTH AND DECAY OF CLOUD
Cloud cleared

23. Equal Concentration contour (Foot Print)
Plan View of contour at the ground

24. DEVELOPMENT OF POOL FIRE
Release from an atmospheric tank

25. DEVELOPMENT OF POOL FIRE
Spreading of vapours

26. DEVELOPMENT OF POOL FIRE
Contact with source of ignition

27. DEVELOPMENT OF POOL FIRE
Flash fire

28. Pool Fire
Pool Fire:
A fire of an spilled pool of flammable or combustible substance with the risk of burns to persons or objects within or around the flames.

29. TYPES OF FIRES Flash Fire:
Ignition of a flammable gas/vapour and air mixture on finding a source of ignition.

30. TYPES OF FIRES Jet Fire:
Jet of flame formed due to instantaneously burning gas/ vapour.

31. TYPES OF FIRES
BLEVE:
Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion

32. TYPES OF FIRES Unconfined vapour cloud Explosion:
A vaour cloud exploding in open air

33. TYPES OF FIRES Confined Vapour Cloud Explosion:
A cloud exploding in a buiding or confinement

34. NEED FOR SPECIAL APPROACH
Superstar Technologies involving:
Combination of a number of factors.
Complex human components.
Interdependant, vulnerable and complex societies.
Rapid development of large scale technologies under economic pressures.
Devices scaled up by extrapolation without enough trial and error experience.

35. Dilution of Responsibilities:
Multidisciplinary design-teams reduce the responsibility on any one person.
Specialisation is so high that the organisations have monopoly of expertise.
Difficulty of monitoring by Government inspectors.

36. Increased awareness of public, NGOs & trade unions:
Intolerance among public
Development of associations and social activists
Trade unions getting more and more concerned on safety & health matters

37. Vulnerability of high technology industries to failures:
Only one way to run the plant safety but numerous ways by which plant can lead into emergency.
Unforeseen dangerous effects.

38. MAJOR HAZARD CONTROL
A well developed plan to prevent the major accident and develop the preparedness to mitigate the effects of such potential accidents.

39. CONSIDERATIONS AT VARIOUS STAGES
Site selection,
Layout planning
Design
Erecting
Commissioning
Running
Maintenance
Modifications
Emergency Preparedness for mitigation of on site and off site consequences.

40. STAKEHOLDERS Government Management Workmen Surrounding communities
Town Panning
Environment
Pollution control
Industrial Development
District Administration
Industrial Safety & Health
Management
Workmen
Surrounding communities
NGOs

41. MAHC SYSTEM IN INDIA
Manufacture Storage & Import of Hazardous Chemicals (MSIHC) Rules 1989 (with amendments in 1994 & 2000)
CIMAH Rules (State Factories Rules) similar to MSIHC Rules .
Identification of MAH installations.
Availability of Hazard Information to all concerned.

42. MAHC SYSTEM IN INDIA (Contd.)
Reporting of Major Accidents.
On Site & Off site Emergency Planning.
Central, State, District and Local Crisis Groups to ensure off site emergency planning.
Safety Report.
Internal & external Safety Audits
(Structured in line with EC Directives & Model CIMAH Regulations)

43. DEVELOPMENT OF MAH SYSTEM IN INDIA
ILO-FRG Supported Project on 'Establishment and Initial operations of MAH system in India' from 1988 to 1990, which gave rise to notifications of
Manufacture & Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules 1989 under EP Act and CIMAH rules as part of state factories rules.
Identification of MAH installations was done during the project period, which kept updating since then.

44. DEVELOPMENT OF MAH SYSTEM IN INDIA (Contd.)
A number of other documents were developed such as
model training manuals on the subject for:
Factory inspectors
Supervisors
Safety Trainers
Safety Committee Members
Guidelines for Inspectors of Factories for:
Inspection & prioritisation of MAH installations.
Evaluation of Safety Reports
Onsite & Offsite Emergency Planning etc.

45. DEVELOPMENT OF MAH SYSTEM IN INDIA (Contd.)
Joint Inspections were carried out with experts from developed countries, Central Government and Factory inspectors.

46. SUBSEQUENT AMENDMENTS
Amendments were brought in by Min. of Environment & Forest, Government of India, to cope up with the minor difficulties arising in enforcement:
1. in 1994
2. In 2000

47. ONGOING EFFORTS OF DGFASLI
A number of seminars, training Programmes, and consultancy activities are being done every year by central & regional labour institutes.

48. ROLE OF NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY (NDMA)
NDMA has included industrial disasters as one of the types of disasters that may take place and has issued a document for management of industrial disasters for use by local authorities while developing offsite emergency plans.

49. APEL Seminars organised by National Safety Council with the assistance of USAID programmes
National Safety Council of India has collaborated with UNEP, World Environment Centre, USAID to popularise the concept of “Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at Local Level (APEL)”. In all 32 events had been conducted under this project covering w2ide varieties of programmes for different target groups.

50. GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTS
Release of Code of Practice by ILO in 1991, which included:
General provisions;
Components of a major hazard control system;
General duties;
Prerequisites for a major hazard control system;
Analysis of hazards and risks;

51. GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTS
Control of the causes of major industrial accidents;
Safe operation of major hazard installations;
Emergency planning;
information of the neighborhood population on major hazards installations;
Siting and land-use planning; Reporting to competent authorities;
Implementation of a major hazard control system.

52. GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTS Release of Seveso Directive II by the EU in 1996.
Based on these directives, major changes were brought in major hazard systems in UK. The SIMAH Regulation of UK was modified and renamed as,

53. 'Control of Major Accident Hazard (COMAH) regulations' in 1999.
The important features of COMAH Regulations of UK are: Adequate safety and reliability of installations, equipment and infrastructure at design stage and while operation and maintenance.

54. COMAH
Provide more stress on the operators of the facilities to demonstrate the prevention and mitigation measures and show that the risk has been kept 'As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)' by use of best feasible method or technology available.

55. COMAH
Demonstrate that major accident prevention policies and management system lies as per the methods prescribed by the statutes,
The emergency plan to contain sufficient information to draw an off site emergency plan by the local authorities.
sufficient authorities to the authorities to enable them to take decisions about the land utilization around the installation.
Multiple information to be given on the points provided in the Safety report it the installation is a complex system.

56. RESEARCHES AROUND THE WORLD
Research on reliable, repeatable and economically viable methods of QRA for MAH installation.
HSE Great Britain has developed through a research contract during the year 2003, a model for ideal management of emergencies and method of performance measurement and review of the plans for on going refining of the on site and off site emergency plans.

57. RESEARCHES AROUND THE WORLD
HSE Great Britain has conducted a research and demonstrated that there has been definite improvement in the factories which have come to the fold of Safety report after replacement of CIMAH regulation by COMAH regulations. The study has shown highly encouraging results justifying the added investment on development of safety reports as per the new statute (2003).

58. RESEARCHES AROUND THE WORLD
HSE Great Britain has conducted a research to develop a frame work to define the human factors instrumental for Major Accident and developed standards to minimize this factor (2003).
HSE Great Britain has conducted a research to assess the human competence to ensure that the MAH units are managed effectively (2003)

59. RESEARCHES AROUND THE WORLD
European Council Parliament has issued revisions to prevailing directives on Major Accident Hazard incorporating the amendments on the basis of the experience gained after the major accidents that have taken since the Seveso Directive II. (2003).
HSE has developed a computerized data base for spatial population mapping of complete Great Britain for assessment of population in risk from major accidents. (2005)

60. RESEARCHES AROUND THE WORLD
Technological research centre of Finland has developed a computerised Emergency management assistance system to provided guidance on various matters during onset of emergency a major hazard installation. (2006)
Early hazard identification of chemical plants with state chart modeling techniques in order to avoid the manual faults likely by identification of hazards by HAZOP technique. (2005)

61. RESEARCHES AROUND THE WORLD
MIMIX system a technique to identify the causes and consequences of the deviations in management system of MAH plants. (2005)
There are a large number of references that indicted that the improvements have been effected most of the European countries mainly based on the Seveso II Directives. Details of those documents are however not being quoted because the languages in which these documents have been published are other than English.

62. System in USA
Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act 1986(EPCRA) which is Title III Document of Superfund Amendment Reauthorisation Act,1986 (SARA)enforced by EPA
OSHA Rule, for Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals 1990

63. Conclusion
A need for review of the systems developed around the world to come out with the required amendments to bring the country closer to the developped countries.

64. THANK YOU