1. Chapter 26 Urinary System
Functions:
Excretion: removal of waste products from body fluids
Elimination: discharge of waste products from body

2. Chapter 26 Urinary System
Consists of the
Kidneys: produce urine
Ureters: pathway of urine from kidneys to bladder
Urinary bladder: muscular sac for temporary storage of urine
Urethra: urine removal pathway

3. Location of Kidneys
Located on either side of the vertebral column (T12-L3)
Superior surface is capped with the adrenal gland.

4. Protection of Kidneys Renal capsule: inner layer of collagen
Adipose capsule: thick layer of adipose tissue
Renal Fascia: outermost layer of collagen

5. Kidney Structure

6. Kidney Structure 2 layers:
1.Cortex: superficial portion, contains nephrons
Nephron: microscopic, tubular structures that beings urine production
2. Medulla: consists of 6-18 renal pyramids
Renal lobe: renal pyramid + renal cortex
where urine is produced
Renal Pelvis: large chamber which connects the renal lobes to the ureter

7. Functions of the Kidneys
Removal of metabolic wastes from the blood and excretion to the outside of the body
Regulation of blood pressure, calcium ion absorption, and the volume, composition, and pH of the blood

8. Renal Blood Vessels

9. Renal Blood Vessels

10. Renal Blood Vessels Kidneys receive 20-25% of total cardiac output
Receives blood from the renal artery  segmental arteries  interlobar arteries  arcuate arteries  interlobular arteries  afferent arterioles  deliver blood to nephrons  interlobular veins  arcuate veins  interlobar veins  renal vein

11. Structure of a Nephron

12. Structure of a Nephron
Renal tubule: long pathway that starts at the renal corpuscle
Renal corpuscle: contains a glomerulus, where the capillaries are found, where filtration takes place

13. Pathway of filtration of a Nephron
Blood filters into the afferent arteriole  Renal corpuscle
(Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule)  Proximal convoluted
tubule (where reabsorption of water, ions, organic nutrients)
down Renal tubule  Loop of Henle ( further reabsorption
of water)  up Renal tubule  Distal convoluted tubule
(secretion of acids, drugs, toxins)  collecting duct 
Papillary duct (all excess waste—urine– to minor calyx 
major calyx  ureter

14. Glomerular Capsule

15. stop

16. Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

17. Cortical and Juxtamedullary Nephrons
cortical nephrons
80% of nephrons
located close to the surface of the kidney
juxtamedullary nephrons
regulate water balance
located near the renal medulla

18. Urine Formation
nephrons remove wastes from the blood and regulate water and electrolyte concentrations
urine is the final product of the processes of:
glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

19. Urine Formation Glomerular Filtration
substances move from blood to glomerular capsule
Tubular Reabsorption
substances move from renal tubules into blood of peritubular capillaries
glucose, water, urea, proteins, creatine
amino, lactic, citric, and uric acids
phosphate, sulfate, calcium, potassium, and sodium ions
Tubular Secretion
substances move from blood of peritubular capillaries into renal tubules
drugs and ions

20. Urine Composition about 95% water
usually contains urea, uric acid, and creatinine
may contain trace amounts of amino acids and varying amounts of electrolytes
volume varies with fluid intake and environmental factors

21. Ureters Leave the kidneys 25-30 cm long parallel to vertebral column
in pelvic cavity, join urinary bladder

22. Urinary Bladder
hollow, muscular organ located within the pelvic cavity, posterior to the Symphysis pubis
Can hold up to a liter of urine (rugae)

23. Urinary Bladder
the internal floor of the bladder includes a triangular area called the trigone
Internal urethral sphincter: provide control over bladder

24. Urethra
tube that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
Men: cm
Connects to the prostate/ejaculatory ducts
Female: 3-5 cm
External urethral sphincter
UTI
Incontinence

25. Life-Span Changes kidneys appear scarred and grainy kidney cells die
by age 80, kidneys have lost a third of their mass
kidney shrinkage due to loss of glomeruli
harder for kidneys to clear certain substances
bladder, ureters, and urethra lose elasticity
bladder holds less urine

26. Formal Lab Write-up  DUE
Heading
Name, title (be creative), date
Problem
What are you testing and why?
Hypothesis
What do you think you will discover after the experiment?
Materials
LIST of every tool required
Experiment
STEP BY STEP instructions on what happened
Observations
What did you see, smell, hear?
Discussion
What do you know NOW?
Conclusion
Summary of what happened, what errors occurred, why this experiment was useful

28. Matching Functional Unit of the Kidney Transports Urine to Bladder
U-shaped tubule
Covers the surface of the kidney
Surrounds glomerulus
Outer layer of kidney
Area on kidney where blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and ureters enter/exit
Drains major calyx
Cortex
Bowman’s Capsule
Loop of Henle
Renal Pelvis
Nephron
Ureter
Hilus
Renal Capsule

29. Matching Cortex (F) Bowman’s Capsule (E) Loop of henle (C)
Functional Unit of the Kidney
Transports Urine to Bladder
U-shaped tubule
Covers the surface of the kidney
Surrounds glomerulus
Outer layer of kidney
Area on kidney where blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and ureters enter/exit
Drains major calyx
Cortex (F)
Bowman’s Capsule (E)
Loop of henle (C)
Renal Pelvis (H)
Nephron (A)
Ureter (B)
Hilus (G)
Renal Capsule (F)

30. Short Answer
What are some anatomical differences with the male versus female urinary structures and how do they affect the physiology?

31. Short Answer
What are some anatomical differences with the male versus female urethra and how do they affect the physiology?
Males have longer urethra = fewer UTI’s, less urgency for urination
Ejaculatory/prostate ducts connect to males urethra = urethra doesn’t just carry urine

32. How do the following tests relate to a urinalysis?
Leukocytes
Nitrites
Protein pH
Blood
Specific Gravity
Ketone
Bilirubin
Glucose

33. Meaning
Leukocytes
Only found in individuals who are fighting a bacterial/viral infection
Nitrites
Only found in individuals with significant infections
Protein
Found in individuals with kidney disease/damage pH
If increased ketone levels, there will be a more acidic urine
Blood
Only present if trauma, UTI, or recent menstruation
Specific Gravity
Degree of concentration/dilution of urine (amount of excess water)
Ketone
Positive with excessive lipid breakdown
Bilirubin
Rare-breakdown of hemoglobin
Glucose
Excess-hyperglycemia