1. Emotion A feeling that underlies behaviors and comprised of
Cognitive (subjective feelings)
Physiological (autonomic arousal)
Behavioral (non-verbal expression)

2. Types of Emotions
What basic emotions can we agree to? Identify as many as you can and reduce the “list” to six basic emotions

3. Robert Plutchik’s 8 Primary Emotions
In Robert Plutchik’s model there are 8 primary emotions, listed in the inner areas. Adjacent emotions combine as emotions listed around the perimeter. For example, fear plus anticipation produces anxiety. (Adapted from Plutchik, 2001) Lauren Silva’s Grandpa!!!

4. Robert Plutchik Lauren’s Grandpa
Was a professor emeritus at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and adjunct professor at USF. He received his Ph.D. from Columbia University He authored or coauthored more than 260 articles, 45 chapters and eight books and has edited seven books. His research interests include the study of emotions, the study of suicide and violence, and the study of the psychotherapy process Grandpa Plutchik's psycho-evolutionary theory of emotion remains one of the most influential classification approaches for general emotional responses

5. Emotions Carroll Izard (1977) isolated 10 emotions. Most of
them are present in infancy, except for contempt,
shame, and guilt
Tom McCarthy/ Rainbow
Nancy Brown/ The Image Bank

6. Paul Ekman’s Research on Emotions
Primary Emotions
1) Are evident in all cultures
2) Are based in survival
3) Correlate with facial expressions
Secondary All other emotions that are particular to humans and specific cultures
Six primary emotions happiness, surprise, sadness, fear, disgust and anger (and degrees) Ekman

7. Universality studies (Ekman)
Ekman’s “universality studies” Six expressions/five countries. Replicated in non-industrialized New Guinea, retested U.S.
Primates and congenitally blind infants studied as well
FACS and microexpressions
Spot the Fake Smile

8. Emotion and Physiological Arousal
Limbic system – role of amygdala
Autonomic nervous system – sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system response

9. Physiological Arousal
Physiological responses related to fear, anger, love, and boredom are very similar

10. Early Theories of Emotion
Common Sense View
When you become happy, your heart starts beating faster. First emotion, then physiological activity

11. Early Theories of Emotion
James-Lange Theory
Emotion is a result of physiological responses to stimuli
We are sad because we cry, afraid because we tremble . . .
Facial feedback hypothesis?

12. Early Theories of Emotion
Cannon-Bard
Physiological arousal and emotion (subjective feelings) occur simultaneously
Heart begins pounding as we experience fear

13. Cognitive Theories of Emotion
Schachter’s Two factor theory
Physiological arousal and then cognitive awareness and labeling
Conscious interpretation necessary
Schachter-Singer Epinephrine experiments
Arousal intensifies and may spill over to other emotions (spillover effect)

14. Cognition Can Define Emotion
An arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event Spillover Effect
Arousal from a soccer match can fuel anger, which may lead to rioting. Other examples?

15. Cognitive Theories of Emotion Lazarus’ Appraisal Theory
Temporal Sequence/Appraisal Theory (Lazarus) – appraisal and reappraisal
Appraisal determines emotion
Cognition—emotion—cognition—emotion…
Benign/positive/irrelevant/stressful?

16. Challenges to Cognitive Theory
Izzard’s facial movement and body posture research
Pattern of unlearned movements independent of cognition
Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Scoring System
Facial feedback hypothesis (back to James-Lange). What happens?

17. Challenges to Cognition Zajonc and Ledoux
Some emotional reactions are more instantaneous than Schachter or Lazarus claim
Cognition comes after emotion
We experience some emotions before we think. Eye to thalamus to amygdala short-cut (bypass cortical awareness). BEAR!

18. Challenges - Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion
When fearful eyes were subliminally presented to subjects, fMRI scans revealed higher levels of activity in the amygdala (Whalen et al. 2004)

19. Non-verbal Expression of Emotion
Study of communication through body movement, posture, gestures, and facial expressions
Body language (kinesics)
Facial expression
Voice quality
Personal space (proxemics)
Explicit acts

20. Emotions Across Culture
Cross-cultural Differences in
Expression
Perception
(and yes, even) Experience

21. Emotions Across Culture
Display rules - Expression
Rules of social appropriateness. Learned in early life/unconscious practice
Japanese- inappropriate display of negative emotions in public setting. Tatamae (on my face) and honne (in my heart)
Ekman & Friesen study (Japan v. U.S.)
Disgust Survey

22. Cross-Cultural Expression
Individualist v. Collectivist
Emphasis in west on “individual” emotions
Collectivist discomfort expressing ego-focused and negative emotions
Differences in U.S. among and between racial and gender groups, e.g.?

23. Culture-Specific Emotions
Some cultures do not have a word for the concept of emotion (Ifaluk of Micronesia)
No equivalent for “considerate” or “lucky” in Samoa
Schadenfreude – pleasure derived from another’s misfortunes (Germany)
Han – an intense form of rancor and enmity (Korea)
Jung – attachment/affection (Korea)
Amae – naïve/immature and dependent

24. Nature of Love Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Love
Intimacy Affection, sharing, support, and communication in a relationship
Passion High levels of physical arousal in a relationship, especially sexual
Commitment Decision to love and stay with another person

25. Sternberg’s triangular theory of love

26. Other Emotional Phenomena
Catharsis hypothesis- psychodynamic theory that refers to an emotional release. It maintains that aggressive or sexual urges are relieved by "releasing" aggressive or sexual energy, usually through action or fantasy. Significant criticisms – behavior feedback?
Relax

27. Other Emotional Phenomena
Adaptation level phenomenon the tendency to adapt to a given level of stimulation and thus to notice and react to changes from that level. We use our past to calibrate our present experience and to form expectations for the future. Examples? Emotions?

28. Other Emotional Phenomena
Positive psychology
Subjective well-being SWB
Feel good, do good hypothesis - We are more likely to others when we are in a good mood (and vice versa)