1. Emotion

2. Introduction What is Emotion? What is the purpose of emotion?
Would you like to never feel sad again? Why or why not?
Will the ultimate lie detector test be a blessing or a curse?

3. Introduction Emotion Common sense theory Physiological arousal
Expressive behavior
Conscious experience
Common sense theory

4. Theories of Emotions

5. Theories of Emotion James-Lange Theory of Emotion.
We feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress.
The body changes and our mind recognizes the feeling.

6. Theories of Emotions
James-Lange theory

7. Theories of Emotions
James-Lange theory

8. Theories of Emotions
James-Lange theory

9. Theories of Emotion Cannon-Bard Theory
Say James-Lange theory is full of crap.
How can that be true if similar physiological changes correspond with drastically different emotional states.
The physiological change and cognitive awareness must occur simultaneously.
They believed it was the thalamus that helped this happen.

10. Theories of Emotions
Cannon-Bard theory

11. Theories of Emotions
Cannon-Bard theory

12. Theories of Emotions Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory
Factor 1 = physical arousal
Factor 2 = cognitive label for the arousal
Emotional Experience Requires:
Conscious interpretation of the arousal

13. Theories of Emotions
Two-factor theory
Schachter-Singer

14. Theories of Emotions
Two-factor theory - Schachter-Singer

15. Theories of Emotions
Two-factor theory - Schachter-Singer

16. Theories of Emotions Applying the Theories
How would each of the theories explain the emotion of fear in response to seeing a spider?
Demo

17. Embodied Emotion

18. Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
Fight or Flight (Physiological Response)
Sympathetic nervous system
arousing
Parasympathetic nervous system
Calming

19. Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

20. Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

21. Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

22. Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
Opponent-Process Theory
How would it explain people’s motivation to sky-dive?

23. Physiological Similarities Among Specific Emotions
Which emotions have similar physiological bases?
Different movie experiment
How can your experience on a roller coaster demonstrate the similarities between emotions?

24. Physiological Differences Among Specific Emotions
Differences in brain activity
Amygdala (Fear vs. Anger)
S.M. – No Fear & Can’t See it
Frontal lobes
Negative = more activity in right
Positive = more activity in left (dopamine receptors)
WWII Research (Spinal Cord Injuries)
Paralyzed only in legs = no loss of emotion
Paralyzed neck down = loss of intensity

25. Cognition and Emotion Cognition Can Define Emotion
Spill over effect
Schachter-Singer experiment
Examples?
Basic Idea = Arousal fuels emotions, cognition channels it

26. Cognition and Emotion Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion
Influence of the amygdala
Low vs. High Road
Fearful vs. Happy Eyes
Subliminal Effects
4 letter word, face with drinks
Voting like vs. similar views
E Demo

27. Cognition and Emotion Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion

28. Expressed Emotion

29. Detecting Emotions – Nonverbal Cues

30. Detecting Emotion
Nonverbal Cues – How did you use them in the previous activity?
How else do we detect people’s emotions?
Real vs. Fake Smiles – Can you tell the difference?

31. Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior
Acceptable Behavior or not?
In one minute, write a description of how you feel today.
Women’s Reactions to Films
Which side (R/L) appears more masculine? More feminine?

32. Culture and Emotional Expression
Can you correctly identify the emotions on these faces?
Does the knowledge that emotional expression is universal change your attitude about people from other cultures and the opposite gender? Why or why not?
Why is it important to study how and why emotions are expressed?

33. The Effects of Facial Expressions
Emotional Contagion
Unconscious motor mimicry – we imitate others
Examples?
Facial feedback – Facial exps. intensify emotions
Smiling = less racial bias? / Botox = no Depression?
Behavior feedback – how we act has similar effect
Walking example

34. Microexpressions

35. Paul Ekman & Lie Detection

36. Paul Ekman & Lie Detection

37. Experienced Emotion

38. Basic Emotions Create a list of “basic” emotions
List as many as you can, then try to narrow them down into categories.
Now check your list with someone else’s list near you.
Are they similar? Do they have any different categories?
Do your basic emotions match Carroll Izard’s?
Joy, interest-excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, guilt
Now attempt to put your basic list into the chart

39. How did you learn these fears? Do some of these fears serve a purpose?
What do you fear? List as many as possible.
How did you learn these fears?
Do some of these fears serve a purpose?
Top Fears for Men:
Speaking in front of a Group
Being Physically Assaulted
Failing a Test
Not being a Success
Death
Surgical Operation
Suffocation
Looking Foolish
Making Mistakes
Feeling Disapproved of
Top Fear for Women:
Speaking in front of a Group
Being Physically Assaulted
Failing a Test
Not being a Success
Death
Snakes
Surgical Operation
Suffocation
Looking Foolish
Large Open Spaces
Rejection

40. Can you be literally scared to death?
Fear
Role of amygdala
Helps us learn fears
Can you be literally scared to death?

41. Answer the questions after viewing the clip.
Anger
Answer the questions after viewing the clip.

42. Anger Evoked by events – How?
What makes you angry? Why?
Use facial and behavioral feedback to argue against catharsis.

43. Happiness

44. Happiness

45. Happiness

46. Happiness

47. Happiness Feel-good, Do good phenomenon
Top Ten List
Categorize them in to “material” and “non-material”
Which do you have more of?
3 Wishes
Material or non-material?
Were your wishes changes to your life situation or to you yourself?
Happiest People You Know
What were their responses?
Did they offer insight into how you could be happier?
Share with someone around you
Feel-good, Do good phenomenon
Do you see this in your own life?
How could it work the opposite way?

48. Happiness The Short Life of Emotional Ups and Downs
We overestimate the duration of our emotions and underestimate our capacity to adapt.

49. Happiness Wealth and Well-Being

50. Happiness Income Level #1 Income Level #2 Income Level #3
ABOVE what income would you consider a family WELL OFF?
Happiness
After hearing each situation, rate how happy you think you would feel in one year on a scale of 1-10.
Situation #1 = Ratings?
Situation #2 = Ratings?
Research suggests that, after a year, people experiencing these 2 events would report little difference in life satisfaction.
Income Level #2
BELOW what income would you consider a family POOR?
Income Level #3
Roughly estimate YOUR family’s income for the past year.
How could this phenomenon help to explain the information on this chart?

51. Happiness Relative Deprivation
Grade Distribution #1
A’s = 40%
B’s = 50%
C’s = 10%
D’s = 0%
F’s = 0%
Grade Distribution #2
A’s = 0%
B’s = 10%
C’s = 40%
D’s = 30%
F’s = 20%
What do you consider a “good” grade?
Satisfaction Rating (1-7) with a C+ in:
Grade Distribution #1 vs. Grade Distribution #2
Lottery Scenario
How would you feel? Why?
Relative Deprivation
Grade Inflation at Colleges & Universities
“Keeping up with the Joneses”
How can relative deprivation also work to make us feel better? Use an example to illustrate.

52. Happiness Predictors of Happiness

53. Stress and Health

54. Stress and Illness Stress Stress appraisal – Tough Math Test
How do you react?

55. Stress and Illness Daily Hassles Daily Uplifts
Troubling thoughts about Future
Not Getting enough Sleep
Wasting Time
Inconsiderate Smokers
Physical Appearance
Too many things to do
Misplacing or Losing Things
Not Enough Time
Concerns about Meeting High Standards
Being Lonely
Completing a Task
Relating Well with Friends
Giving a Present
Having Fun
Getting Love
Giving Love
Being Visited, Phoned, or Texted
Laughing
Entertainment
Music

56. Stress and Illness The Stress Response System
Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Phase 1 = Alarm
Phase 2 = Resistance
Phase 3 = Exhaustion

57. Stress and Illness General Adaptation Syndrome

58. Stress and Illness General Adaptation Syndrome

59. Stress and Illness General Adaptation Syndrome

60. Stress and Illness General Adaptation Syndrome

61. Stress and Illness

62. Stress and Illness

63. Stress and Illness

64. Stress and Illness Stressful Life Events
Catastrophes
Significant life changes
Daily hassles

65. Stress and the Heart
Type A versus Type B
Type A
Type B

66. Stress and the Heart
ABC Video

67. The End

68. Definition Slides

69. Emotion
= a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.

70. James-Lange Theory
= the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

71. Cannon-Bard Theory
= the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.

72. Two-factor Theory
= the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.

73. Polygraph
= a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measure several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).

74. Facial Feedback
= the effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intensifies feelings of anger or happiness.

75. Catharsis
= emotional release. The catharsis hypothesis maintains that “releasing’ aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.

76. Feel-Good Do-Good Phenomenon
= people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood.

77. Well-being
= self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life.

78. Adaptation-level Phenomenon
= our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.

79. Relative Deprivation
= the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves.

80. Behavioral Medicine
= an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavior and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease..

81. Health Psychology
= a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine.

82. Stress
= the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

83. General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
= Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases – alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

84. Coronary Heart Disease
= the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in North America.

85. Type A
= Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.

86. Type B
= Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.

87. Psychophysiological Illness
= literally, “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.

88. Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
= the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.

89. Lymphocytes
= the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system; B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.