2. LIGHT & the Electromagnetic Spectrum Examining Light 2008

3. We will investigate the following : 1. What is light? 2.What are some sources of light around us? 3. What are opaque, transparent, & translucent objects? 4. What is a light wave?

4. Light Our primary source of light is the sun. Light travels in straight lines at a speed of 186,000miles per second. *Light waves travel faster than sound waves! Light energy from the sun travels through space, reaches earth, and some of it turns to heat energy and warms the earth’s air. Light from the sun also travels to the cells of green plants (producers) and is stored as energy. When light reaches an object, it is absorbed, reflected, or passes through it.

5. Sensing Light Humans have two light detectors. Do you know what they are called?

6. How many sources of Light can you list and explain? SUN=warms air, water, and land. Fire=provides heat, light, and cooking fuel. Lightning= Firefly= Flashlight= Light bulb= Laser beams= Optical telephone fibers= *Traffic lights= *AIMS: Primarily Physics: Light Sources Activity

7. “Just Passing Through:” What happens when light strikes glass? Or waxed paper? Or a book? If light travels through an object it is =transparent If light is blocked by an object and a dark shadow is cast it is= opaque. If some light passes through but not all and a light shadow is present it is=translucent. *AIMS:Primarily Physics: Just Passing Through Activity

8. What happens when light hits these objects? Glass of water School bus window Notebook paper Waxed paper Plastic wrap Tissue paper Cardboard Textbook Hand lens…

9. Transparent objects: The windows on a school bus, A clear empty glass, A clear window pane, The lenses of some eyeglasses, Clear plastic wrap, The glass on a clock, A hand lens, Colored glass… ALL of these are transparent. Yes, we can see through them because light passes through each of them.

10. Translucent objects Thin tissue paper, Waxed paper, Tinted car windows, Frosted glass, Clouds, All of these materials are translucent and allow some light to pass but the light cannot be clearly seen through.

11. Opaque objects: Heavy weight paper, Cardboard Aluminum foil, Mirror, bricks, buildings, Your eyelids and hands, Solid wood door, All of these objects are opaque because light cannot pass through them at all. They cast a dark shadow.

12. What is light really? Electromagnetic radiation waves Light waves are three dimensional. Light waves vibrate in all planes around a center line. The waves have high points called “crests.” Waves also have low points called “troughs.” *The distance from one crest to the next crest is called a “wavelength.” *The number of waves passing a given point in one second is called the “frequency.” wavelength *A Science Museum of VA: Light Science Activity

13. Notice the wavelength is long(Radio waves) and gets shorter (Gamma Rays)

14. *Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic radiation can be described as a stream of photons. Each photon traveling in a wave-like pattern, moving at the speed of light and carrying some amount of energy.lectromagnetic radiationphotons.speed of light The only difference amongst radio waves, visible light, and gamma-rays is the amount of energy of the photons. Radio waves have photons with low energies. Microwaves have a little more energy than radio waves. Gamma- rays and cosmic rays have highest energy waves and are the deadliest.Radioicrowavesamma- rays *Page info from NSTA Conference 2004

15. *Page info from NSAT Conference 2004 Don’t’ forget…longest waves (radio)..to shortest waves (cosmic)

16. *Science Museum of Virginia Acting It Out! Activity + Scaling the Spectrum Activity OR GEMS: Invisible Universe Comparing Wave Makers I.

18. Radio (Longest electromagnetic waves) Emitted by –Astronomical Objects –Radio Station Transmitters Detected by –Ground based radio telescopes –*If you turn on a radio,, it will convert the radio wave energy into sound energy.

19. Television Shorter than radio, also used to carry messages (pictures & sound) to our TV sets. *We can sense the TV waves around us with our televisions.

20. Microwave Emitted by: –Gas clouds collapsing into stars –Microwave Ovens –Radar Stations –Cell Phones Detected by –Microwave Telescopes –Food (heated) –Cell phones –Radar (systems)

21. Infrared (Heat or Thermal) Are you a source of infrared? YES you are! Emitted by –Sun and stars (Near) –TV Remote Controls –Food Warming Lights (Thermal) –*Everything at room temperature or above,=HEAT Detected by –Infrared Cameras –TVs, VCRs, –Your skin

22. Let’s take a look at Herschel’s Experiment Herschel’s Experiment –Discovered Invisible Light –In 1800, Herschel places his control thermometer just outside the red end of the spectrum –Result: The outside thermometer registered the highest temperature

23. Let’s set up Herschel’s Experiment Set up of Box Design for Conducting the Herschel Experiment.

24. Conducting Hershel’s Experiment Place a sheet of white paper inside a cardboard box Tape three thermometers together and place inside box Cut a small notch in the top of the box and position a glass prism so that the spectrum is projected inside the box Arrange the thermometers so that one is just outside the red end of the spectrum, with no visible light falling on it

25. Visible Each color is a different size wave. Red the longest & violet the shortest Emitted by –The sun and other astronomical objects –Laser pointers –Light bulbs Detected by –Cameras (film or digital) –Human eyes –Plants (red light) –Telescopes

26. Color White light is not a single color; it is made up of a mixture of the seven colors of the rainbow. We can demonstrate this by splitting white light with a prism: This is how rainbows are formed: sunlight is “split up” by raindrops.

27. The colors of the rainbow: Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet

28. Adding colors White light can be split up to make separate colors. These colours can be added together again. The primary colors of light are red, blue and green: Adding blue and red makes magenta (purple) Adding blue and green makes cyan (light blue) Adding all three makes white again Adding red and green makes yellow

29. Seeing color The colour an object appears depends on the colours of light it reflects. For example, a red book only reflects red light: White light Only red light is reflected

30. A white hat would reflect all seven colours: A pair of purple trousers would reflect purple light (and red and blue, as purple is made up of red and blue): Purple light White light

31. Using colored light If we look at a colored object in coloured light we see something different. For example, consider a football kit: White light Shorts look blue Shirt looks red

32. In different colors of light this kit would look different: Red light Shirt looks red Shorts look black Blue light Shirt looks black Shorts look blue

33. Some further examples: ObjectColour of light Colour object seems to be Red socks Red BlueBlack GreenBlack Blue teddy RedBlack Blue Green Green camel Red Blue Green Magenta book Red Blue Green

34. Using filters Filters can be used to “block” out different colors of light: Red Filter Magenta Filter

35. Investigating filters Colour of filterColours that could be “seen” Red Green Blue Cyan Magenta Yellow

36. Red Magenta White Yellow BlueGreen Cyan

37. Ultraviolet Sunburn / black light Emitted by –Tanning booths (A) –The sun (A) –Black light bulbs (B) –UV lamps Detected by –Space based UV detectors –UV Cameras –Flying insects (flies)

38. X-ray Emitted by –Astronomical objects –X-ray machines –CAT scan machines –Older televisions –Radioactive minerals –Airport luggage scanners Detected by –Space based X-ray detectors –X-ray film –CCD detectors

39. Chandra X-ray Observatory Chandra is designed to observe X-rays from high energy regions of the universe, such as the remnants of exploded stars. The most sophisticated observatory built to date. Deployed by the Space Shuttle Columbia on July 23, 1999, Chandra X-ray Observatory *Slide from 2004 NSTA Conference

40. Gamma Ray (Short electromagnetic waves but more energetic) Emitted by –Radioactive materials –Exploding nuclear weapons –Gamma-ray bursts –Solar flares Detected by --Geiger counters –Gamma detectors and astronomical satellites –Medical imaging detectors

41. Sources of g-ray Emission Black holes Active Galaxies Pulsars Diffuse emission Supernovae Gamma-ray bursts Unidentified

42. COSMIC Rays ( The highest energy waves and the deadliest) Cosmic rays come from deep space and can pass through the Earth.

43. A great question! Radio waves= (Buildings to human size); Microwaves (Humans-beetles); Infrared waves (Eye of a needle); Visible waves (microscopic size)! WOW! All the rest are the size of molecules, atoms, atomic nuclei and smaller..

45. Snell’s Law ! or

46. Reflection Reflection from a mirror: Incident ray Normal Reflected ray Angle of incidence Angle of reflection Mirror

47. The Law of ReflectionThe Law of Reflection Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection In other words, light gets reflected from a surface at ____ _____ angle it hits it. The same !!!

48. Clear vs. Diffuse Reflection Smooth, shiny surfaces have a clear reflection: Rough, dull surfaces have a diffuse reflection. Diffuse reflection is when light is scattered in different directions

49. Using mirrors Two examples: 1) A periscope 2) A car headlight

50. Refraction Light bends towards the normal in a denser material

51. Refraction happens because the light slows down in the material (the part of the beam that arrives first slows down first)

59. Glass Air

60. You can experiment with effects of different incident angles and refractive indices with Figure 3. You can move the flashlight around, and change the refractive index of the top and bottom mediums. You can use the buttons to quickly enter the index for a few common mediums. Critical Angle Using the refraction simulator, notice how the light bends toward the normal when the light enters a medium of greater refractive index, and away from the normal when entering a medium of lesser refractive index. Then notice what happens when you move the flashlight to an angle close to 90 or -90 degrees in the medium with a higher refractive index. As you approach the critical angle the refracted light approaches 90 or -90 degrees and, at the critical angle, the angle of refractions becomes 90 or -90 and the light is no longer transmitted across the medium/medium interface. For angles greater in absolute value than the critical angle, all the light is reflected. This is called total reflection.