1. World War One

9. Start of World War One Causes of WWI Imperialism Nationalism
Alliance System
Militarism

10. Start of World War One
The southeastern region of Europe was known as a “powder keg”
Many national groups in the region tried to break free from Austria-Hungary

12. Start of World War One War Begins
June 28, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to Austro-Hungarian throne) is assassinated by Gavrilo Princip

13. Start of World War One
Austria Hungary accused Serbia of the assassination and declared war
The alliance system quickly drew more countries into the war

15. Start of World War One Allied Powers (Triple Entente) Central Powers
Britain
France
Russia
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire

16. The Deadliest War
Both sides thought it would be a quick victory, but reality quickly set in
A stalemate started on the Western Front and the battle would drag on for 3 years without either side gaining a clear victory
The Western Front saw the use of trench warfare

25. The Deadliest War New Technology made the war more lethal Airplanes
Armored tanks
Machine Guns
Poison Gas

26. American Neutrality
President Woodrow Wilson wanted to keep the U.S. out of the war.
Americans were split on who to side with

27. American Neutrality
American businesses sold supplies to both sides, but a majority of trading was to the Allies and Britain

28. American Neutrality The Lusitania
German U-boats practiced unrestricted warfare
May 7, 1915 a U-boat sank A British passenger ship the Lusitania
1,200 people died (128 were Americans)

33. U.S. Enters The War
Wilson won reelection in 1916 and promised to keep the U.S. out of the war
However, Germany kept using its unrestricted warfare

34. U.S. Enters The War Zimmermann Telegram
Britain intercepted a telegram from Germany to Mexico
Arthur Zimmermann (German Foreign Minister) proposed that Mexico enter the war on Germany’s side and attack the U.S.
In return Germany would help Mexico get back New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona
Soon after the U.S. entered the war (April 6, 1917)

38. U.S. Enters The War Russian Revolution
Military defeats and food shortages led to an uprising in Russia
The tsar was removed, which made it easier for the U.S. to enter the war because they would not be siding with a tyrant

39. Building the Military
The U.S. had a very large navy, but a small army (only 125,000 men)
The U.S. had to mobilize quickly in order to be able to contribute to the war effort

40. Building the Military
The U.S. did have men volunteer for service, but not enough and they had to institute a draft
Selective Service Act was passed and it required men between the ages of 21 and 30 to register for military draft
By war’s end almost four million Americans had served

41. Building the Military Women in the Military
Women were not subject to the draft
More than 30,000 women volunteered for service and were nurses or performed clerical work

42. Building the Military A diverse force
About one in five recruits had been born in foreign lands
About 380,000 African Americans also served during the war
Served in all black units
African Americans were mainly held out of combat roles and instead were forced to unload ships, work in kitchens, or construction

43. Managing the War Effort
Managing Food Supplies
Herbert Hoover was chosen to head the new Food Administration
He had to assure adequate food supplies for both civilians and troops
Hoover urged Americans to conserve valuable food resources
Americans observed “wheatless Mondays,” and “meatless Tuesdays”
Many grew their own “victory gardens”

46. Managing the War Effort
Producing for War
The war increased demands on American industries
Government ordered two million rifles and 130 million pairs of socks
The War Industries Board was set up to oversee production

47. Managing the War Effort
Finding Workers
War brought a Labor Shortage
Men went to war and immigration declined
In order to fill jobs, businesses turned to women and African Americans to do the work

48. Shaping Public Opinion
Calling on Patriotism
President Wilson created the Committee on Public Information, which was to deliver patriotic speeches at places like movie theaters and ball parks
Also created pro-war cartoons and posters

57. Shaping Public Opinion
Suppressing Dissent
Government created the Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918, which could close newspapers or jail individuals that expressed antiwar views
One of the people arrested was Eugene V. Debs for giving a speech that urged workers not to help in the war effort

58. Shaping Public Opinion
Anti-German Hysteria
German Americans were harassed and assaulted
Some where even tarred and feathered
Many school stopped teaching the German language

59. Joining the Fight The first troops reached Europe in June of 1917
John J. Pershing was chosen to be the commander of American Expeditionary Force
American forces rarely fought together with British or French troops
This was Wilson’s idea, because he wanted to have a greater influence in post war talks

61. Setbacks and Advances Russia Makes Peace
The government that replaced the tsar was struggling to keep Russia in the war
Two million soldiers deserted the front lines
Vladimir Lenin led the Bolsheviks (red army) to seize control of the government on November 7, 1917
Lenin wanted to lead Russia on a path to communism
In March of 1918 Russia signed a peace agreement (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk) and pulled out of the war.

65. Setbacks and Advances
March 21, 1918 Germany had unleashed a series of attacks known as the “peace offensive”
Germany managed to break through Allied lines in Belgium and France
By June of 1918 Germany was less than 50 miles from Paris

69. Setbacks and Advances Turning the Tide
American troops were used to stop the German advance and push them out of a forested area called Belleau
After three weeks of intense fighting and heavy causalities the Americans managed to force the Germans out

71. Setbacks and Advances
By the fall of 1918 disease and lack of supplies had hurt Germany
September of 1918, Allied forces (over one million American soldiers) had advanced and pushed German forces back
By November of 1918, Germany had decided to seek an armistice.

72. The Armistice A Harsh Armistice France and Britain dictated the terms
Germany had to cancel the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, pull back their troops, and hand over its fleet of U-boats
Kaiser Wilhelm II had to step down and Germany became a republic

73. The Armistice
The armistice took effect at 11 A.M. on November 11 of 1918
Approximately 10 million military personal were killed (More than had dies in all the wars fought in Europe during the previous 100 years combines)
France 1.3 Million
Britain 900,000
Germany 1.6 Million
Russia 1.7 Million
United States 50,000

74. Shaping the Peace The Fourteen Points
President Wilson’s Plan for peace
Wanted to prevent future wars
Freedom of the seas
Free Trade
Military Reduction
Self Determination (Self Rule)
League of Nations

76. Peace Conference in Paris
Britain and France wanted to punish Germany and had no interest in Wilson’s fourteen points

77. Peace Conference in Paris
Treaty of Versailles
Territory was taken away from Germany, including colonies
Germany had to accept full responsibility for the war
Had to pay huge reparations to Allies
Placed limits on the size and nature of Germany’s military
Creation of the League of Nations

80. Battle Over the League of Nations
President Wilson fought for the ratification of the treaty and joining the league of nations
United states had to accept its destiny to lead the world on a new path
Many senators opposed the treaty and joining the League of Nations, including Henry Cabot Lodge
Cabot said that membership in the League would restrict the right of the U.S. to act independently in its own interest

81. Battle Over the League of Nations
Wilson’s Last Battle
In September of 1919, Wilson tried to gain support for his position by traveling 8,000 miles by train in three weeks and giving 40 speeches
Wilson suffered a stroke on October 2, 1919
November of 1919 the Senate voted to reject the treaty
The absence of the U.S. crippled the League of Nations

83. Postwar Troubles Influenza Epidemic
A worldwide epidemic that took the more than 500,000 lives in the U.S. alone between 1918 and 1919

84. Postwar Troubles Labor Unrest
Peacetime brought high unemployment, because production was slowing and more people entered the workforce

85. Postwar Troubles Red Scare
Many Americans feared that Communists or “Reds” were behind the labor unrests, and that there would be a communist revolution
Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer order immigrants with radical views to be deported
These became known as Palmer Raids, which reached their height on January 2, 1920
Authorities arrested more than 4,000 people in 33 cities