1. Words and Word-formation Processes
Chapter 5
Ms. Abrar Mujaddidi

2. Introduction
We quickly understand new words in our language and accept the use of new forms of that new word.
There is a lot of regularities in the word-formation processes in our language.
In this chapter, we explore some of the processes of creating new words in a language.

3. Etymology
The study of the origin and history of a word is known as etymology.
We should view the constant evolution of the words as a reassuring sign of vitality of the langusge.

4. Coinage Coinage is the invention of totally new terms.
Sources of coined words:
1. Trade names of commercial products that become general terms.
e.g. aspirin, kleenex, teflon, xerox.
2. New words based on the name of a person or a place.
e.g. hoover, jeans, sandwich.

5. Borrowing Borrowing is taking over words from other languages.
English borrows from other languages.
e.g. sofa, lilac, croissant
Many languages borrow from English
e.g. Japanese.
supaamaaketto

6. cont., Loan translation:
Direct translation of the elements of a word into the borrowing language.
Many languages translated the term ‘skyscraper’ into its own vocabulary.
Compare between borrowing and loan-translation?

7. Compounding
Compounding is the joining of two separate words to produce a single form.
Compounding is very common in English and German.
E.g. Compound nouns: Bookcase, doorknob, sunburn
Compound adjectives: low-paid,
good-looking

8. Blending
The combination of to separate forms to produce a single form is blending.
BUT Blending is accomplished by taking the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other word.
E.g. Smog (smoke + fog)
brunch (breakfast + lunch)
Spanglish (spanish + English)

9. Clipping
Clipping occurs when a word with more than one syllable is is reduced to a shorter form.
E.g. gas (gasoline)
fan (fanatic)
ad ( advertisement)

10. cont., A special type of reduction is hypocorisms:
a longer word is reduced to a single syllable, then a –y or –ie
E.g. movie (moving picture)
hankie (handkerchief)

11. Backformation
In backformation, a word of one type (usually a noun) is reduced to form a word of another type (usually a verb).
E.g. Televise (television)
donate (donation)
babysit (babysitter)

12. Conversion
Conversion is a change in the function of the word without any reduction.
1. Noun to a verb butter to butter
2. verb to a noun to spy a spy
3. verb to adjective see through a see-through material

13. Acronyms
Acronyms are new words formed from the initial letters of a set of other words.
e.g. CD (compact disk)
VCR (video cassette recorder)
laser
MADD
ATM

14. Derivation Derivation is accomplished by the use of affixes. Affixes
prefixes infixes suffixes
added to the not used added to the
beginning of in standard end of the word
a word English ful or -less
un- or dis-

15. Multiple Processes
It is possible to trace the operation of more than one process in the creation of a particular word.
e.g. Deli
snowball

16. See you next class
read chapter 7 please!!