1. …not the study of telephones!
Chapter 4: Phonology…
…not the study of telephones!
NOTES:
The slides/lecture/discussion for this chapter deviate from the order of the book… You WILL need to read, you decide to read early, late or both…
About exercising: it keeps you healthy: physically & mentally…

2. Kinds of Sound Change Assimilation (become more alike)
Nasalization
Voicing
Flapping
Dissimilation (become less alike)
Metathesis (shift sounds around)
Epenthesis // Intrusion (add a sound)
Other
Elision // Deletion (take a sound away)
Vowel Reduction (shorten or ‘schwa’ a sound)
The book does a great job of discussing the kinds of sound change. Look at these sections in the text again and try to guess at one or more examples where these types of changes have taken place in English. Bring your findings to Chat or Discussion.
One additional note… The first four types of change listed here fall under the “ease of articulation” category which is one cause for sound change as we will see on the next slide.

3. Kinds of Sound Change
The book does a great job of discussing the kinds of sound change. Look at these sections in the text again and try to guess at one or more examples where these types of changes have taken place in English. Bring your findings to Chat or Discussion.
One additional note… The first four types of change listed here fall under the “ease of articulation” category which is one cause for sound change as we will see on the next slide.

4. Sound Safari
Find example words for one subcategory of each type of sound change in the previous slide
Hand me the examples highlighting
IPA for “careful” vs. “fast-casual” speech
Explanation of the change in terms of natural classes
Answer: Is the created sound always allophonic, or sometimes phonemic

5. Phonemes
Formal Definition: Sounds that are heard distinctively by native speakers of a language
Dave’s Translation: Sound that make meaningful differences in a language

6. 1, 2, 3, &/or 4 test for phonological awareness?
What word do you get…
…if you delete the first sound of:
Do sounds
1, 2, 3, &/or 4 test for phonological awareness?

7. On Being Distinctive AKA Contrastive … AKA Phonemic Minimal pairs
You tell me:
Standard spelling for each of the above…
More minimal pairs…

8. What’s This?

9. Allophones
Formal Definition: Sounds that are NOT heard distinctively by native speakers of a language
Dave’s Translation: Sounds that DO NOT make meaningful differences in a language

10. Aspiration Hold a paper in front of your mouth Say “pot” and “poke”
Then “spot” and “spoke”
Does the paper move differently?

11. Phonemes & Allophones - Allophones (in English) (sit, sing)
Minimal Pairs  phonemic distinction
- Allophones (in English)
(sit, sing)
Phonetically distinct, phonologically same
Complementary distribution

12. Other Language:
Phonemic or allophonic?

13. Phonological Principles
Ideal vs. Realization
Largely subconscious
Universals exist
Rule governed
Rules can be formalized
Rules can be generalized
Rules must be ordered…

14. To Formalize Phoneme –Allophone Illustration Underlying form
Surface form

15. Phonological Rule

16. Explain the Rule…
What type of change is this?

17. A becomes B when it comes between C and C
In Simpler Words
A  B / C __ D
A becomes B when it comes between C and C
We typically use features for A, B, C and D… For shorthand we may sometimes use segments instead…

18. Rules & Allophones

19. Get Some Exercise Yes, [h] and [?] are phonemic.
Both appear at the beginning & between vowels…

20. …before we move on? (…breathe, stretch, move around…)
Any Questions…
…before we move on?
(…breathe, stretch, move around…)

21. Natural Classes
Sounds that share feature(s) and behave similarly in phonology
Consonants
Stop - Stop
Voice - Voice
Vowels
High - High
Back - Back

22. Natural Classes: Exercise

23. Natural Classes: Answers
Challenge: Find the rest… (there are at least 12)

24. Get Some Exercise

25. More Exercise…

26. Any Questions…
…before we move on?

27. Phonological Units

28. Features The atoms of phonology Building blocks of sound
Key to understanding (most) variation
Binary distinction (+/-)
You’ve either got it, or you don’t…

29. Any Questions…
…before we move on?

30. Possible English Words?

31. Syllable Book’s Definition: Dave’s Interpretation:
A unit of linguistic structure that consists of a syllabic element and any segments that are associated with it
Dave’s Interpretation:
A potentially independent group of sounds that sticks closely together

32. Syllabic Recipe sprint NOTE: Only the Nucleus is required… σ
Onset (O) Rhyme (R)
Nucleus (N) Coda (Co)
NOTE: Only the Nucleus is required…

33. Sequence Constraints
(Phonotactic Constraints)
Formal Definition: The set of constraints on how sequences of segments pattern
Dave’s Interpretation: Rules on which sounds can be next to each other (≈ in a syllable)

34. Sequence Constraints Different languages = Different rules
English
V, VC, CV, CVC, CCV, etc…
Spanish
Onset = [sk], [st], [sp]
Japanese
“C” as coda, except [n]
Explain Spanish or Japanese constraints in terms of natural classes…

35. … about syllable constraints in another language?
Whaddya Know…
… about syllable constraints in another language?

36. Don’t Get Stressed Out…
Primary and Secondary Stress
Separate Words = Separate Stress
Whíte hóuse
Single Concept = Related Stress
Whíte Hòuse
Multi-syllable words
Stress varies

37. Syllablabic Interventions…

38. Sentence Level Stress Stress Content Words Not function words
N, V, Adj, Adv
Not function words
Det, Aux Vs, Conj’s, Pronouns, Prepositions

39. Any Questions…
…before we move on?

40. Try It: The Plural Suffix
Orthography: -s or -es
Phonetic:
Sort the following phonetically:
tack, tag, torch, cough, cup, dish, dress, grave, graph, hat, house, hunch, judge, lad, lash, lathe, maze, room, tax, thing
Why? (i.e. What are the rules?)
On a piece of paper, sort the words on the slide into their sound categories: [-s], [-z] or [-z]. Be careful, the spelling alone won’t be enough to allow you to separate them.
Bring your list to Discussion or Chat.

41. tack tag torch
cough grave dish
cup lad dress
graph lathe house
hat room hunch
thing judge
lash
maze
tax

42. 3 Rules

43. Plural Rules:

44. …before we move on? …only two slides left…
Any Questions…
…before we move on?
…only two slides left…

45. Cross-linguistic Variation

46. For “Tomorrow” Quiz Exercises Yes, they’re a good idea… 4-1, 4, 8, 15
Teacher-focused, but also good:
4-18, 19, 20, 22