1. ARTICLES & CONJUNCTIONS
SASIGARAN MONEYAM
THILAGA RAVINTHAR

2. ARTICLES A kind of adjective which is always used with a noun.
It also gives some information about a noun.

3. “ a ” “ the ” Articles -Indefinite article
-the noun it goes with is indefinite or general
-becomes “ an ” when the next word begins with a vowel - a, e, i, o, u
-Definite article
-indicates a specific thing

4. Example The difference between the “a” and “the” in a sentence is,
-“a” refers to a general or unspecific noun
-“the” refers to a particular or specific noun
Example
-I saw a girl.(any girl – not definite)
-I saw the girl who secured the first rank.
(girl – is definite)
The second sentence refers to a specific girl, not just any girl.

5. Many nouns, especially singular forms of countable nouns, must have an article.
Example
The dog is big,
The boy is tall,
The window is big.

6. Demonstrative or possessive adjective can be used instead of an article as in the sentences:-
I sat on that chair and I sat on his chair.

7. Whenever you see an article, you will find a noun with it.
The noun may be the next word as in the man or there may be adjectives and perhaps adverbs between the article and the noun as in
the very angry, young man.

8. PHRASE
A phrase is a group of related words that does not include a subject and verb.
Verb Phrases
Sometimes a sentence can communicate its meaning with a one-word verb.
However, a sentence will use a verb phrase, a multi-word verb, to express more nuanced action or condition.
A verb phrase can have up to four parts

9. Here are some examples:
Had cleaned
*Had = auxiliary verb; clean = main verb; 
ed = verb ending.
Should have been writing
*Should, have, been = auxiliary verbs; write = main
verb; ing = verb ending.

10. Participle Phrases
A participle phrase will begin with a present or past participle.
If the participle is present, it will dependably end in ing.
Likewise, a regular past participle will end in a consistent ed.
participle + object(s) and/or modifier(s)
Here are some examples:
-Elijah likes his eggs smothered in cheese sauce.
Smothered in cheese sauce modifies the noun eggs.

11. CLAUSE
A group of words that contains a subject and a predicate There are four types of clauses :
Main clause
Subordinate clauses
Relative clauses
Noun clauses

12. Main Clause Subject Verb
Examples : Lazy student whine student = subject whine = verb
Subject
Verb

13. Subordinate conjunction
Subordinate Clauses
Examples : Whenever lazy student whine whenever = subordinate conjunction student = subject whine = verb
Subordinate conjunction
Subject
Verb

14. Relative clauses pronoun or a relative adverb.
• A relative clause will begin with a relative
pronoun or a relative adverb.
Relative pronoun : who,whom, whose,which
or that.
Relative adverb : when,where or why.

15. Relative pronoun of adverb
Subject
Verb v v
EXAMPLE : Whom Mrs. Maria hit in the
head with a chalk eraser
Whom = relative pronoun
Mrs. Maria = subject
hit = verb

16. Relative pronoun as subject
Verb v
Example : That had spilled over the glass and
splash onto the counter.
That = relative pronoun
spilled/splash = verb

17. Noun Clauses Any clause that function as a noun becomes a noun clause.
Example : You really do not want know the
ingredients in Aunt Nancy’s stew.

18. If we replace the noun ingredients with a
clause, we have a noun clause.
Example : You really do not want to know what
Aunt Nancy adds to her stew.
what Aunt Nancy adds to her stew = noun clause

19. CONJUCTION What is a conjuction?
Conjuction is a word we used to join or link two or more sentences together or two words within the same sentence.
The most command conjuction in English are:
and, but, or
nor, for
There are 3 classes of cunjuction :
COORDINATE CONJUCTION
SUBORDINATE CONJUCTION
CORRELATIVE CONJUCTION

20. COORDINATE CONJUCTION
There are 7 coordinate conjunctions. They are short,
simple words and have only 2 or 3 letters.
FOR AND NOR BUT OR YET SO
A coordinate conjunction joins two equal parts of
speech (words or independent clauses).
e.g: I like tea and coffee
*the conjunction “and” joins the sentences: “I like
tea” with ‘I like coffee”

21. A coordinate conjunction always come between the words or clauses that they join.
e.g: I painted the walls but Shila
painted the woodwork.

22. SUBORDINATE CONJUCTION
Subordinate conjunctions are used to join a subordinate dependent clause to a main clause.
Command subordinate conjunctions are:
after, although, as, because, before, if, provided, since,
until, unless, than, whenever, wherever, while, where,
when.

23. e.g.: They are sleeping because they are tired
A subordinate conjunction joins a subordinate [dependent] clause to a main [independent] clause.
e.g.: I fell on my face after I tripped on the stairs

24. A subordinate or dependent clause cannot stand alone.
Its always come at the beginning of a subordinate clause.
* Independent clause + Dependent clause = complex
I fell on my face after I tripped on the stairs.
*Dependent clause , Independent clause = complex
After I tripped on the stairs, I fell on my face.

25. CORRELATIVE CONJUCTION
Correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs.
[either…or], [both…and], [neither..nor],
[not only..but also], [whether..of]
Example:
Both Fairuz and I are allergic to seafood.
Either Mom or Dad will pick you up.
Faizal is either in Ipoh or in Penang.

26. SEQUENCE CONNECTORS
Sequence connectors are words which are used to join words or sentences.

27. Most / more importantly Most significantly Above all Primarily
Logical / sequential order
 Firstly, secondly, thirdly
Next, last, finally
Last but not least
In addition
Furthermore
Moreover
Other than that
Besides
Also
At present / presently
Order of importance
Most / more importantly
Most significantly
 Above all
Primarily
It is essential / essentially

28. Contrast
However
On the other hand
On the contrary
By (in) comparison
In contrast
Result
As a result
As a consequence
Therefore
Thus
 Consequently
Hence
Reason
The cause of
The reason for
Comparison
Similarily
Likewise

29. Examples :
*Finally
Finally, I had lunch with some friends.
* However
Metin is lazy. However his brother is quite diligent.
* Hence
Professor Brown is an outstanding scientist. Hence, he is highly respected.

30. Examples :
* Similarly
She was late and I similarly was delayed.
* Otherwise
You must study hard. Otherwise, you may fail.

31. Practice Answer the following questions.
1. I am thirsty. I need __________ drink desperately to quench my thirst.
A. an B. or C. a
2. To train for the marathon will take at least six months.
A. Noun B. adjective C. Adverb
3. That's the professor _________ spent 10 years living with the Pygmies in
Central Africa.
A. Who B. whom C. whose

32. 4. _________ he was very ill, he didn't take any medicine.
A. Where B. although C. since
5. _________ heat the oil in the frying pan. Then put in all the
marinated chicken pieces.
A. Before B. After C. First
6. An hour passed but there was no sign of Mike. _________ we
decided to go home.
A. Until B. Before C. Finally

33. Reference Book Internet
Another Look At Grammar, Ho Chui Chui, PE H6 2007
Internet
teacherandreamariz.blogspot.com/2010/08/sequence-connectors.html