1. GEO-REFERENCING OF CADASTRAL GENERAL BOUNDARIES FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF LAND GOVERNANCE IN KENYA A Paper Prepared for presentation at the “2015 WORLD BANK CONFERENCE ON LAND AND POVERTY” The World Bank – Washington DC, March 23 – 27, 2015 Presenter: Silas Kinoti Muriithi, DS – Commissioner, National Land Commission, Kenya silaskinoti@yahoo.com 1 Using Geospatial Data in Innovative Ways to Monitor Land Governance

2. KENYA ON THE WORLD MAP Equator divides the country into two nearly equal parts 2

3. Kenya’s Production Systems 3 Population: Over 40 million Area: 582,646 Sq. Km Land mass: 97.8% Water Surface: 2.2% High Potential: 20% ASAL: 80% Pop. Density: 2 – 2,000/Sq. Km 67% of land is unregistered GDP per Capita: USD 1,245 Kenya has one govt of national unity and 47 county govts A BRIEF COUNTRY PROFILE

4. WHAT IS A GENERAL BOUNDARY? An approximate boundary of which the precise line is undetermined in relation to the physical features which demarcate it. 4 RiverFence RidgeHedge Dry HedgeUndefined Feature

5. GENESIS AND PROGRESSION OF GENERAL BOUNDARIES IN KENYA 1. Pre-Colonial Era 2. Colonial Era 3. The Swynnerton Plan of 1954 4. Land Consolidation Process 5. Post Independent Kenya  Accelerated Land Adjudication 5

6. LAND CONSOLIDATION & LAND ADJUDICATION Unique Problem of Land Consolidation  Finding space for consolidated fragments to land 6 (There are some areas in Kenya where land consolidation was started in the 1970s and to date (2015), there are still “parcels of land in the air” yet to find space to land)

7. LAND CONSOLIDATION & LAND ADJUDICATION Land Adjudication  Determination of the existing rights and claims of people to land (a person is allocated land he occupies or claims simply as-is-where-is basis).  Process simply reveals what rights already exist, by whom they are held and what restrictions or limitations there are on them.  Applicable law: Land Adjudication Act, CAP 284 7

8. GENERAL BOUNDARIES REGISTRY MAP Old, Enlarged & Unrectified Aerial Photograph Registry Map (PID): No Authority on Boundaries 8

9. GENERAL BOUNDARIES REGISTRY MAP 9 In the event the physical feature marking a general boundary is destroyed or removed, there is no way of telling where the boundary is on the ground

10. GENERAL BOUNDARIES REGISTRY MAP 10 “Even a qualified surveyor cannot independently locate the parcels of land shown on a registry map on the ground without the help of the land owners and, or the local community”.

11. GENERAL BOUNDARIES AND LAND DISPUTES Common Land Related Disputes  Boundary Disputes  Ownership Disputes  Herders and Farmers Disputes  Common Pool Resources (CPR) Disp utes  Common grazing fields  Watering points  Forests and Woodlands  Irrigation waters  Sand harvesting etc. 11

12. GENERAL BOUNDARIES AND LAND DISPUTES 12 (The smaller the land size or land resource, the greater the dispute)

13. GENERAL BOUNDARIES AND LAND DISPUTES 13 “Many boundary dispute cases “mutate” and generate other cases arising out of destruction of property, physical body injuries and even murders. Hence, some disputes pass from generation to generation” (Justice Njoroge, 2014)

14. WHAT IS GEO-REFERENCING?  To geo-reference something means to define its existence in physical space. That is, establishing its location, size and distance in terms of map projections or coordinate systems. “Defining a parcel of land on the map and on the ground without ambiguity”  Geo-referencing further involves merging of plans and even images in different reference systems into one user friendly reference system 14

15. Surveying is a method of Geo-referencing 15

16. IMPORTANCE OF GEO-REFERENCING  Distances can be measured  Areas can be measured  Directions can be determined  Exact position of any point (pixel) can be determined  Data sets from various sources can be transformed into one reference system to enable ease of analysis and manipulation. 16

17. IMPORTANCE OF GEO-REFERENCING  Boundaries of parcels of land can be determined on the ground with certainty  Boundary disputes can be solved easily  Further surveys can be done easily  Registry maps can become authorities on boundaries 17

18. GEO-REFERENCING ADJUDICATION GENERAL BOUNDARIES: PILOT CASE STUDY  The National Land Commission has adopted the use of satellite imagery and GPS techniques to ensure general boundaries in land adjudication are geo-referenced 18

19. GEO-REFERENCING ADJUDICATION GENERAL BOUNDARIES: PILOT CASE STUDY Process Involves: 1. Engaging the community in identifying the proposed adjudication section 2. Marking proposed adjudication section perimeter on Topographical map sheet & Scaling Provisional Coordinates 3. Purchasing Satellite Imagery 4. Picking perimeter boundary coordinates on the ground and marking on the satellite imagery 5. Declaring the Adjudication Section 6. Picking and coordinating individual parcels on the ground and marking their boundaries on the imagery 7. Preparing a geo-referenced Registry Map 19

20. PILOT CASE STUDY: 1. Engaging the Community in Identification and Declaration of the Adjudication Section 20

21. PILOT CASE STUDY: 2. Marking proposed adjudication section perimeter on Topographical Mapsheet & Scaling Provisional Coordinates 21

22. PILOT CASE STUDY: 3. Picking perimeter boundary coordinates on the ground and marking on the satellite imagery 4. Declaration of the Adjudication Section 22

23. PILOT CASE STUDY: 5. Picking and coordinating individual parcels on the ground and marking on the image 23

24. PILOT CASE STUDY: 6. Geo-Referenced Registry Map 24

25. PILOT CASE STUDY: 7. Coordinate List 25 No. of Points Points NameEastingsNorthings 1mg0394691.579900042.04 2mg1394798.639900067.10 3mg2394856.189900086.55 4mg3394822.059900151.63 5mg4394801.819900179.42 6mg5394793.879900216.33 7mg6394747.839900242.52 8mg7394730.779900247.68 9mg8394778.399900276.65 10mg9394895.739900299.93 11mg10394983.779900356.29 12mg11395057.539900373.16 13mg12395086.969900320.57 14mg13395082.339900263.02 15mg14395136.249900291.80 16mg15395350.399900347.70 17mg16395393.259900362.78 18mg17395477.399900330.23 19mg18395548.839900323.88 20mg19395628.209900303.25 No. of Points Points NameEastingsNorthings 50mg49396491.019899055.47 51mg50395983.019899284.07 52mg51395994.919899265.81 53mg52395963.169899093.57 54mg53395865.539899084.84 55mg54395802.839899107.86 56mg55395701.239899114.21 57mg56395598.049899108.65 58mg57395567.889899106.27 59mg58395555.189899042.77 60mg59395459.139899068.17 61mg60395410.719899048.32 62mg61395344.839899078.49 63mg62395383.739899148.34 64mg63395409.929899183.26 65mg64395340.869899189.61 66mg65395289.279899175.32 67mg66395239.269899177.71 68mg67395141.639899112.62 69mg68395146.399899144.37 70mg69395107.509899126.11

26. MAIN CHALLENGE 26 In moving from “Informality to Formality”, how do we ensure it is not a burden to the poor populace?

27. MITIGATION: PROPOTIONATE SURVEY PRECISION TO LAND VALUES