1. PowerPoint Presentation: Richard H. Baum, Ph.D. DeVry Institute of Technology 9th Edition Structured COBOL Programming Nancy Stern Hofstra University Robert A. Stern Nassau Community College “Copyright @ 2000 John Wiley & Sons, In. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the permissions Department, John Wily & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein.”

2. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition CHAPTER 7 COMPUTING IN COBOL: THE ARITHMETIC VERBS AND INTRINSIC FUNCTIONS

3. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition OBJECTIVES To Familiarize you with: 1. The ways in which arithmetic may be performed in COBOL. 2. The formats and options available with the arithmetic verbs.

4. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition CONTENTS The Basic Arithmetic Verbs –ADD Statement –SUBTRACT Statement –MULTIPLY Statement –DIVIDE Statement Options Available with Arithmetic Verbs –ROUNDED Option –ON SIZE ERROR Clause

5. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition CONTENTS –NOT ON SIZE ERROR Clause –Determining the Size of Receiving Fields The COMPUTE Statement –Basic Format –Order of Evaluation –Comparing COMPUTE to Arithmetic Verbs

6. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition CONTENTS Use of Signed Numbers in Arithmetic Operations –The Use of S in PIC Clauses for Fields That Can Be Negative –Rules for Performing Arithmetic with Signed Numbers –Entering Signed Numbers Improving Program Efficiency with the USAGE Clause –Format

7. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition CONTENTS –USAGE IS DISPLAY –USAGE IS PACKED-DECIMAL or COMPUTATIONAL-3 –USAGE IS COMPUTATIONAL Intrinsic Functions (COBOL 85) –Calendar Functions –Numerical Analysis Functions –Trigonometric Functions –Financial Functions –Character and String Functions

8. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition THE BASIC ARITHMETIC VERBS All the basic arithmetic operations of ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY, and DIVIDE require that the fields operated on: 1. Have numeric PIC clauses 2. Actually have numeric data when the program is executed.

9. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition ADD STATEMENT ADD has two instruction formats: Format 1: (Add…TO) ADD {identifier-1} {literal-1}...TO identifier-2... Format 2: (ADD…GIVING) ADD {identifier-1} {literal-1}...TO {identifier-2}{literal-2} GIVING identifier-3...

10. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition ADD STATEMENT Fields Used in an ADD –The fields or operands that are added should be numeric. –All literals are numeric. –All data-names or identifiers, in the DATA DIVISION, have numeric PICTURE clauses.

11. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition DEBUGGING TIP A comma can be used anywhere in an instruction, as long as at least one space follows it. –However, this not really recommended since this adds characters that can cause errors. It is preferred that you should separate entries instead by placing them on individual lines.

12. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition ADD STATEMENT The Resultant Field in an ADD The result, or sum, of an ADD operation is always placed in the last field mentioned. The only field that is altered as a result of the ADD operation is this last field, –This is the field directly following the word TO, when using Format 1, or GIVING, when using Format 2.

13. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition ADD STATEMENT The Resultant Field in an ADD In all cases, the resultant field must be an identifier or data-name, not a literal. –The statement ADD HOURS-WORKED TO 40, for example, is incorrect. When using the TO format in an ADD statement, all the data-names and literals are added together, and the result is placed in the last field.

14. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition ADD STATEMENT An example of a proper ADD is: ADD HOURS-WORKED TO WEEKLY HOURS –The fields HOURS-WORKED and WEEKLY-HOURS are added together, and the result is placed in the last field specified--WEEKLY-HOURS.

15. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition ADD STATEMENT When using the GIVING format, all fields and literals preceding the word GIVING are added together and the sum is placed in the field following the word GIVING. –Thus, when using the GIVING format, the last data field is not part of the ADD operation. –Because it is not part of the arithmetic operation, it can be a report-item with edit symbols, as seen below: ADD HOURS-WORKED WEEKLY-HOURS GIVING TOTAL-HOURS.

16. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition ADD STATEMENT Deciding Whether to Use the TO or GIVING Format Use the GIVING format with the ADD statement when the contents of operands are to be retained. When you will no longer need the original contents of an operand after the addition, the TO format may be used.

17. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition ADD STATEMENT RULES FOR INTERPRETING FORMATS 1. Underlined words are required. 2. UPPERCASE words are COBOL reserved words. 3. The word “identifier” means a field or record defined in the DATA DIVISION.

18. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition ADD STATEMENT RULES FOR INTERPRETING FORMATS 4. The braces {} mean that one of the enclosed words is required. 5. The ellipses or dots (...) indicate that two or more fields or literals may be specified.

19. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition ADD STATEMENT Adding More Than Two Fields You are not restricted to two operands when using an ADD operation: ADD AMT1 AMT2 AMT3 GIVING AMT4 The original contents of AMT4, the resultant field, are destroyed and have no effect on the ADD operation. –The three operands AMT1, AMT2, and AMT3 are unchanged.

20. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition ADD STATEMENT Example 8: ADD AMT1 AMT2 AMT3 TO AMT4 AMT1, AMT2, and AMT3 are added to the original contents of AMT4. The result is placed in AMT4. –AMT1, AMT2, AMT3 are unchanged just as in the GIVING option.

21. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition ADD STATEMENT Producing More Than One Sum –It is also possible to perform several ADD operations with a single statement, using the TO format. The following is a valid statement: ADD AMT1 AMT2 TO TOTAL1 TOTAL2 –This results are the same as: ADD AMT1 AMT2 TO TOTAL1 ADD AMT1 AMT2 TO TOTAL2

22. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition ADD STATEMENT RULES FOR ADDITION 1. All literals and fields that are part of the addition must be numeric. – After the word GIVING, the field may be a report-item. 2. The resultant field, following the word TO or the word GIVING, must be a data-name, not a literal.

23. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition ADD STATEMENT RULES FOR ADDITION 3. When using the TO format, the data-name following the word TO is the receiving field. –This receiving field is part of the ADD; that is, its initial contents are summed along with the other fields. –The receiving field must be numeric when using this format.

24. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition ADD STATEMENT RULES FOR ADDITION 4. When using the GIVING format, the data-name following the word GIVING is the receiving field. –It will contain the sum, but its original contents will not be part of the ADD. –It may be either a numeric field or a report- item. 5. The words TO and GIVING may be specified in the same statement if you are using a COBOL 85 compiler.

25. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition QUESTIONS?

26. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition SELF-TEST Indicate the errors, if any, in Statements 1 and 2 1. ADD '12' TO TOTAL SOLUTION: ‘12’ is not a numeric literal

27. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition SELF-TEST 2. ADD TAX TO TOTAL GIVING AMT SOLUTION:-- For COBOL 85, the statement is okay; for COBOL 74, the words TO and GIVING may not appear in the same ADD statement.

28. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition SELF-TEST 3. If ADD 1 15 3 TO COUNTER is performed and COUNTER is initialized at 10, the sum of _____ will be placed in______ at the end of the operation SOLUTION:--29; COUNTER

29. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition SELF-TEST 4. Without using the word TO, write a statement equivalent to the one in Question 3. SOLUTION:-- ADD 1 15 3 COUNTER GIVING WS-AREA1. –In this case, the result is placed in WS-AREA1 and COUNTER remains unchanged. The arithmetic is the same as in the previous problem. –ADD 1 15 3 COUNTER GIVING COUNTER is also correct.

30. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition SELF-TEST 5. If ADD 1 15 3 GIVING COUNTER is performed, ______will be the result in _____. SOLUTION:--19; COUNTER

31. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition SUBTRACT STATEMENT The SUBTRACT operation has the following two formats: Format 1 SUBTRACT {identifier-1} {literal-1}... FROM identifier-2.. Format 2 SUBTRACT {identifier-1} {literal-1}... FROM {identifier-2} {literal-2} GIVING identifier-3...

32. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition SUBTRACT STATEMENT Rules for Interpreting the Instruction Format 1. All literals and data-names that are part of the subtraction must be numeric; the field specified after the word GIVING, however, may be a report-item. 2. The receiving field, must be a data-name and not a literal. –The following statement is incorrect: SUBTRACT TAX FROOM 100.00

33. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition SUBTRACT STATEMENT Rules for Interpreting the Instruction Format 3. All fields and literals preceding the word FROM will be added together and the sum subtracted from the field following the word FROM. –The result, or difference, will be placed in this same field if no GIVING option is used. –All other fields will remain unchanged.

34. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition SUBTRACT STATEMENT Rules for Interpreting the Instruction Format 4. When using the GIVING option, the operation performed is the same as in Rule 3, but the result, or difference, is placed in the field following the word GIVING. –The initial contents of the resultant field after the word GIVING do not take part in the arithmetic operation.

35. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition SUBTRACT STATEMENT Examples: 1.SUBTRACT 15.40 TAX TOTAL FROM AMT 2. SUBTRACT 15.40 TAX TOTAL FROM AMT GIVING NET Examples 1 and 2 produce the same result but in different storage areas. – In Example 2, the original contents of NET are replaced with the result and do not affect the calculation.

36. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition SUBTRACT STATEMENT Deciding Which Format to Use As a rule, when the contents of an operand are not needed after the SUBTRACT operation, Format 1 may be used. When the contents of all operands are to be retained, use Format 2.

37. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition SUBTRACT STATEMENT As with ADD operations, all commas are optional. –A space must, however, follow each comma. It is possible to perform several SUBTRACT operations with a single statement using Format 1: The following is a valid statement: SUBTRACT AMT1 AMT2 AMT3 FROM TOTAL 1 TOTAL 2 TOTAL 3

38. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition SELF-TEST 1. In the operation: SUBTRACT 1500 FROM GROSS GIVING NET the result, or difference, is placed in ____. – What happens to the original contents of GROSS? If GROSS has an original value of 8500, and NET has an original value of 2000, the result in NET would be _______. SOLUTION:-- NET; it remains unchanged; 7000 (The original 2000 in NET does not enter into the calculation.)

39. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition SELF-TEST What is wrong with Statements 2 and 3? 2. SUBTRACT $23.00 FROM AMOUNT SOLUTION:-- $23.00 is an invalid numeric literal - numeric literals may not contain dollar signs.

40. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition SELF-TEST 3. SUBTRACT AMT FROM 900.00 SOLUTION:--The resultant field of a SUBTRACT operation may not be a literal.

41. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition SELF-TEST 4. Change the statement in Question 3 to make it valid. SOLUTION:--SUBTRACT AMT FROM 900.00 GIVING TOTAL

42. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition SELF-TEST 5. Use one SUBTRACT statement to subtract three fields (TAX, CREDIT, DISCOUNT) from TOTAL and place the answer in WS-AMT. SOLUTION:--SUBTRACT TAX CREDIT DISCOUNT FROM TOTAL GIVING WS-AMT

43. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition MULTIPLY and DIVIDE Statements MULTIPLY has the following formats: FORMAT 1: MULTIPLY {identifier-1} {literal-1} BY identifier-2.. FORMAT 2: MULTIPLY {identifier-1}{literal-1} BY {identifier-2} {literal-2} GIVING identifier-3...

44. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition MULTIPLY and DIVIDE Statements Multiply Examples: 1. MULTIPLY HOURS-WORKED BY HOURLY-RATE 2. MULTIPLY QTY BY PRICE 3. MULTIPLY 2000 BY NO-OF- EXEMPTIONS GIVING EXEMPTION- AMT. 4. MULTIPLY 60 BY HOURS GIVING MINUTES

45. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition MULTIPLY and DIVIDE Statements The DIVIDE statement has the following instruction formats: Format 1: DIVIDE {identifier-1} {literal-1} INTO identifier-2... Format 2: DIVIDE {identifier-1} {literal-1} {identifier-2} {literal-2} GIVING identifier-3...

46. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition MULTIPLY and DIVIDE Statements Format 3: DIVIDE {identifier-1} {literal-1} BY {identifier-2} {literal-2} GIVING identifier-3... Either the word INTO or BY may be used with a DIVIDE statement. The GIVING clause is optional with INTO but is required with BY.

47. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition MULTIPLY and DIVIDE Statements DIVIDE EXAMPLES: 1. DIVIDE MINUTES BY 60 GIVING HOURS 2. DIVIDE 60 INTO MINUTES GIVING HOURS 3. DIVIDE 12 INTO ANN-SAL-IN GIVING MONTHLY-SAL-OUT

48. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition MULTIPLY and DIVIDE Statements DIVIDE EXAMPLES: 4. DIVIDE ANN-SAL-IN BY 12 GIVING MONTHLY-SAL-OUT All arithmetic operations can have more than one resultant field. –Although ADD and SUBTRACT instructions can operate on numerous fields, the MULTIPLY and DIVIDE instructions are limited in the number of operations performed.

49. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition EXAMPLES OF ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS Example 1: Celsius temperatures are to be converted to Fahrenheit temperatures according to the following formula: FAHRENHEIT= (9/5) CELSIUS +32 One solution is as follows: MULTIPLY 9 BY CELSIUS DIVIDE 5 INTO CELSIUS ADD 32 CELSIUS GIVING FAHRENHEIT

50. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition EXAMPLES OF ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS FAHRENHEIT= (9/5) CELSIUS +32 A second solution is: MULTIPLY 1.8 BY CELSIUS ADD 32 CELSIUS GIVING FAHRENHEIT

51. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition EXAMPLES OF ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS Example 2: Compute the average of three fields, EXAM1, EXAM2, EXAM3. Place the answer in AVERAGE without altering the contents of the three fields. One possible solution is: ADD EXAM 1 EXAM 2 EXAM 3 GIVING AVERAGE DIVIDE 3 INTO AVERAGE

52. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition MULTIPLY and DIVIDE Statements Use of the REMAINDER Clause in the DIVIDE Operation When performing a division operation, the result will be placed in the receiving field according to the PIC specifications of that field. Consider the following: Example 1: DIVIDE 130 BY 40 GIVING WS-TOTAL

53. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition MULTIPLY and DIVIDE Statements Use of the REMAINDER Clause in the DIVIDE Operation Example 1: DIVIDE 130 BY 40 GIVING WS-TOTAL WS-TOTAL has a PICTURE of 99. After the operation is performed, 03 is placed in WS-TOTAL. The remainder of the division can be saved by using the REMAINDER clause

54. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition MULTIPLY and DIVIDE Statements Additional Instruction Formats for the DIVIDE Statement Format 4: DIVIDE {identifier-1} {literal-1} INTO {identifier-2} {literal-2} GIVING identifier-3 REMAINDER identifier-4.. Format 5: DIVIDE {identifier-1} {literal-1} BY {identifier-2} {literal-2} GIVING identifier-3 REMAINDER identifier-4..

55. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition MORE QUESTIONS!!!

56. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition SELF-TEST 1. DISTANCE is the distance traveled in a specific car trip, and GAS is the number of gallons of gas used. Calculate the average gas mileage and place it in a field called AVERAGE. SOLUTION:--DIVIDE DISTANCE BY GAS GIVING AVERAGE

57. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition SELF-TEST 2. Using MULTIPLY and DIVIDE verbs, compute: (C / B + E / F) X S SOLUTION: DIVIDE B INTO C DIVIDE F INTO E ADD C E GIVING WS-HOLD-AREA MULTIPLY WS-HOLD-AREA BY S GIVING ANS.

58. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition SELF-TEST What, if anything, is wrong with the following three statements?: 3. DIVIDE -35 INTO A SOLUTION:--Nothing is wrong

59. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition SELF-TEST 4. MULTIPLY A TIMES B GIVING C SOLUTION:--The preposition must be BY in the MULTIPLY operation.

60. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition SELF-TEST 5. MULTIPLY A BY B BY C GIVING D SOLUTION:--Only two operands may be multiplied together with one MULTIPLY verb

61. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition DEBUGGING WITH COBOL 85 When using a separate clause such as ON SIZE ERROR, use a scope terminator with COBOL 85 to delimit or end the arithmetic operation. END-ADD, END-SUBTRACT, END- MULTIPLY, and END-DIVIDE are all permissible scope terminators. For COBOL 74, each statement ends with a period instead of a scope terminator.

62. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition THE COMPUTE STATEMENT

63. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition BASIC FORMAT If complex or extensive arithmetic operations are required in a program the use of the four arithmetic verbs may prove cumbersome. The COMPUTE verb provides another method of performing arithmetic. The COMPUTE statement uses arithmetic symbols rather than arithmetic verbs.

64. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition SYMBOLS USED IN A COMPUTE Symbol Meaning +ADD -SUBTRACT *MULTIPLY /DIVIDE ** exponentiation –There is no COBOL verb for exponentiation.

65. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition SYMBOLS USED IN A COMPUTE The following examples illustrate the use of the COMPUTE verb: 1. COMPUTE TAX =.05 * AMT 2. COMPUTE DAILY-SALES = QTY * UNIT- PRICE / 5 3. COMPUTE NET = AMT -.05 * AMT

66. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition COMPUTE BASIC FORMAT The COMPUTE statement has a data- name or identifier to the left of the equal sign. –The value computed in the arithmetic expression to the right of the equal sign is placed in the field preceding the equal sign. The fields specified after the equal sign in a COMPUTE statement may be numeric literals or data-names with numeric PIC clauses. –The COMPUTE statement may include more than one operation.

67. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition COMPUTE BASIC FORMAT The COMPUTE statement has the advantage of performing more than one arithmetic operation with a single verb. –For this reason, it is often less cumbersome to use COMPUTE statements to code complex arithmetic. In addition, we may raise a number to a power with the use of the arithmetic symbol ** in a COMPUTE statement.

68. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition Rules with Using COMPUTE The ROUNDED and ON SIZE ERROR options may also be used with the COMPUTE. The rules governing the use of these clauses in ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY, and DIVIDE operations apply to COMPUTE statements as well. To round the results in a COMPUTE statement to the specifications of the receiving field, we use the ROUNDED option directly following the receiving field.

69. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition Rules with Using COMPUTE The Format for the COMPUTE verb is as follows: COMPUTE identifier-1 [ROUNDED]... = {arithmetic expression-1} {literal- 1}{identifier-2} [ON SIZE ERROR imperative statement-1][NOT ON SIZE ERROR imperative statement-2] [END-COMPUTE]* *COBOL 85 only

70. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition Order of Evaluation The order in which arithmetic operations are performed will affect the results in a COMPUTE statement. Consider the following example: COMPUTE UNIT-PRICE-OUT = AMT1-IN + AMT2-IN / QTY-IN Depending on the order of evaluation of arithmetic operations, one of the following would be the mathematical equivalent of the preceding: a. UNIT-PRICE-OUT = AMT1-IN + AMT2-IN QTY- IN / QTY-IN

71. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition Order of Evaluation b. UNIT-PRICE-OUT = AMT1-IN + AMT2- IN / QTY-IN Note that (a) and (b) are not identical. If AMT1-IN = 3,AMT2-IN = 6, and QTY-IN = 3, the result of the COMPUTE statement evaluated according to the formula in (a) is 3 [(3 + 6) / 3] but according to the formula in (b) is 5 [3 + (6 / 3)].

72. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition The Sequence in which Operations are Performed in a COMPUTE Statement 1. ** 2. * or / (whichever appears first from left to right) 3. + or - (whichever appears first from left to right) 4. The use of parentheses overrides rules 1--3. That is, operations within parentheses are performed first.

73. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition The Sequence in which Operations are Performed in a COMPUTE Statement Without parentheses, exponentiation is performed first. Multiplication and division operations follow any exponentiation and precede addition or subtraction operations. If there are two or more multiplication or division operations, they are evaluated from left to right in the expression. Addition and subtraction are evaluated last; these are also from left to right.

74. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition DEBUGGING TIP If one arithmetic statement will suffice, use it; If it takes more than one, use a COMPUTE.

75. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition COBOL 2000+ CHANGES 1. Spaces around arithmetic operators such as *, /, +, -, and ** will no longer be required. 2. The COMPUTE statement will yield the same results regardless of the compiler used by making the precision or number of decimal places in each intermediate calculation fixed.

76. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition CHAPTER SLIDES END HERE CHAPTER SUMMARY COMES NEXT

77. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition CHAPTER SUMMARY A. The ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY, and DIVIDE verbs all have a GIVING format. – With this GIVING format, the receiving field is not part of the arithmetic and can be a report-item. B. A COMPUTE can be used for performing multiplication, division, addition, subtraction, exponentiation, or a combination of these.

78. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition CHAPTER SUMMARY C. The COMPUTE can save coding if used in place of the ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY, and DIVIDE verbs: OPERATIONS + Addition / Division - Subtraction ** Exponentiation * Multiplication

79. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition CHAPTER SUMMARY D. If several operations are performed with one COMPUTE statement, the order of evaluation is as follows: 1. ** 2. * or / in sequence left to right 3. + or - in sequence left to right 4. Parentheses () override normal hierarchy rules E. The ROUNDED and ON SIZE ERROR options can be used with the four arithmetic verbs and with the COMPUTE.

80. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition CHAPTER SUMMARY F. With COBOL 85, NOT ON SIZE ERROR can be used as well. With COBOL 85 –With COBOL 85, when using ON SIZE ERROR or NOT ON SIZE ERROR with any arithmetic verb, use a scope terminator (END-ADD, END- SUBTRACT, END-MULTIPLY, END-DIVIDE, END-COMPUTE). –With COBOL 74, be sure the ON SIZE ERROR clause ends with a period.

81. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition CHAPTER SUMMARY G. USAGE Clause 1. Specifies how data is to be stored internally. 2. Options available: a. USAGE IS DISPLAY b. USAGE IS [PACKED-DECIMAL, COMPUTATIONAL-3, COMP-3] c. USAGE IS COMPUTATIONAL

82. Structured COBOL Programming, Stern & Stern, 9th Edition CHAPTER SUMMARY H. Intrinsic functions have been added as an extension to COBOL 85. –These include calendar, numerical analysis, statistical, trigonometric, financial, character, and string functions.