1. SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY Lect. Sapna Gambhir Neha MNW-888-2k11 CN

2.  Advancement in computing power have enable continued growth in virtual reality, visualization and simulation technology  Virtual reality is defined as human computer interface that simulate realistic environments while enabling participant interaction, as a 3D digital world that accurately models actual environment. INTRODUCTION

3.  In surgery, the life of the patient is of utmost importance.  Many patient have lost lives because of surgical errors.  VR provide good tool to experiment the various complications arise during surgery Need for Virtual Surgery

4. Introduction of Virtual Surgery It refers to a virtual reality simulation Actual patient is not required Doctors can practice on a virtual patient before performing the surgery

5.  Virtual Surgery, in general is a Virtual reality technique of simulating surgery, which helps surgeons improve surgery plans and practice surgery process on 3D models.  The virtual surgery is based on the patient specific model, so when real surgery takes place, the surgeon is already familiar with all the specific operations that are to be employed What is Virtual Surgery

6.  The first virtual surgery was performed in 17 Aug 2009 when Dr. David clarke in Halifax,Nova Scotia removed a brain tumour 24 hours after removing a simulated tissue.  Project Odysseus was developed to form a 3D image of a person’s liver to allow surgeons to train before a surgery.  France Telecom also develop a communication system for the project callde argonaute HISTORY

7.  It is a virtual reality technique of simulating surgery procedure  It helps surgeons in improving surgery plans  They practice surgery process on 3D models  Virtual surgical tools or gloves are connected to motion sensors where the users can physically feel the difference in simulated tissue and organs. Virtual Reality Technique

8.  Training & education  Surgical planning  Image Guidance  Tele surgery Virtual Reality Application

9.  Traditionally textbooks images or cadavers were used  Today VR simulators are becoming the training method  It allows the users to view the anatomy from wide range of angles Training & Education

10.  Traditionally surgeon calculates various parameter & procedures  This leads to lot of errors  Virtual reality helps in reducing errors  Plans surgery in reliable manner Surgical Planninig

11.  The integration of advanced imaging technology, image processing and 3D graphical capabilities has led to great interest in image guidance and computer- aided surgery.  It also provide useful in Robotic Surgery, a new technique in which surgeon remotely manipulate robotic tool inside the patient body IMAGE GUIDANCE

12.  Allows surgeon to operate on people  People are physically seperated from themselves  Done through master-slave robot Tele Surgery

13.  3D image simulation  Touch simulation Virtual Reality Simulation

14.  Generate a 3D model  Depending upon this simulation needed, anatomical images can be derived from series of patient’s MRI or video recording, which are 2D images.  Images are segmented and constraints are imposed. 3D Image Simulation

15.  Then we construct a reference model.  After that obtain final model by deforming the reference model. Cont…

16.  Simulating haptic touch sensation.  Calculation of force applied to cut & punchers the various tissue.  Haptic goes a long way to make virtual reality simulators more life like Touch Simulation

17.  Consist of powerful PC  Run the software  To interact with virtual environment  The addition of haptics to virtual environments has provided computer users with the ability of expression in multiple dimension. Virtual Reality Simulators

18.  Minimizes the no of medical mistakes  Effective use minimal access surgical technique  Better training in anatomy and surgical skill which reduces the need for cadavers. Importance of VR

19.  Short coming in realism of simulation  Costly  Need human computer interfaces  Conflicts between sensory information Disadvantages